The reliability, accuracy and minimal detectable difference of a multi-segment kinematic model of the foot–shoe complex

Bishop, Chris; Paul, Gunther; Thewlis, Dominic

Affiliations

¹School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, City East Campus, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia

²School of Public Health and Social Work, QUT - Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia

Abstract and keywords

Kinematic models are commonly used to quantify foot and ankle kinematics, yet no marker sets or models have been proven reliable or accurate when wearing shoes. Further, the minimal detectable difference of a developed model is often not reported. We present a kinematic model that is reliable, accurate and sensitive to describe the kinematics of the foot–shoe complex and lower leg during walking gait. In order to achieve this, a new marker set was established, consisting of 25 markers applied on the shoe and skin surface, which informed a four segment kinematic model of the foot–shoe complex and lower leg. Three independent experiments were conducted to determine the reliability, accuracy and minimal detectable difference of the marker set and model. Inter-rater reliability of marker placement on the shoe was proven to be good to excellent (ICC = 0.75–0.98) indicating that markers could be applied reliably between raters. Intra-rater reliability was better for the experienced rater (ICC = 0.68–0.99) than the inexperienced rater (ICC = 0.38–0.97). The accuracy of marker placement along each axis was <6.7 mm for all markers studied. Minimal detectable difference (MDD₉₀) thresholds were defined for each joint; tibiocalcaneal joint – MDD₉₀ = 2.17–9.36°, tarsometatarsal joint – MDD₉₀ = 1.03–9.29° and the metatarsophalangeal joint – MDD₉₀ = 1.75–9.12°. These thresholds proposed are specific for the description of shod motion, and can be used in future research designed at comparing between different footwear.

Keywords: Kinematics; Footwear; Foot and ankle biomechanics; Reliability; Accuracy

Links

DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2012.09.020

PubMed: 23122595

WoS: 000317998900014

History

Received: 2012-02-02

Revised: 20012-05-17

Accepted: 2012-09-20

Cited Works (11)

Year	Entry
2002	Wu G, Siegler S, Allard P, Kirtley C, Leardini A, Rosenbaum D, Whittle M, D'Lima DD, Cristofolini L, Witte H, Schmid O, Stokes I. ISB recommendation on definitions of joint coordinate system of various joints for the reporting of human joint motion, I: ankle, hip, and spine. J Biomech. 2002;35(4):543-548.
1996	Kidder SM, Abuzzahab FS Jr, Harris GF, Johnson JE. A system for the analysis of foot and ankle kinematics during gait. IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng. March 1996;4(1):25-32.
1995	Cappozzo A, Catani F, Della Croce U, Leardini A. Position and orientation in space of bones during movement: anatomical frame definition and determination. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). June 1995;10(4):171-178.
2012	Shultz R, Jenkyn T. Determining the maximum diameter for holes in the shoe without compromising shoe integrity when using a multi-segment foot model. Med Eng Phys. January 2012;34(1):118-122.
2001	Carson MC, Harrington ME, Thompson N, O’Connor JJ, Theologis TN. Kinematic analysis of a multi-segment foot model for research and clinical applications: a repeatability analysis. J Biomech. October 2001;34(10):1299-1307.
2001	Stacoff A, Reinschmidt C, Nigg BM, Van Den Bogert AJ, Lundberg A, Denoth J, Stüssi E. Effects of shoe sole construction on skeletal motion during running. Med Sci Sports Exer. February 2001;33(2):311-319.
1999	Lu T-W, O’Connor JJ. Bone position estimation from skin marker co-ordinates using global optimisation with joint constraints. J Biomech. February 1999;32(2):129-134.
2007	Leardini A, Benedetti MG, Berti L, Bettinelli D, Nativo R, Giannini S. Rear-foot, mid-foot and fore-foot motion during the stance phase of gait. Gait Post. 2007;25(3):453-462.
1991	Scott SH, Winter DA. Talocrural and talocalcaneal joint kinematics and kinetics during the stance phase of walking. J Biomech. 1991;24(8):743-752.
2008	Zeni JA Jr, Richards JG, Higginson JS. Two simple methods for determining gait events during treadmill and overground walking using kinematic data. Gait Post. May 2008;27(4):710-714.
1977	Landis JR, Koch GG. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics. March 1977;33(1):159-174.

Cited By (1)

Year	Entry
2020	Matias AB, Caravaggi P, Leardini A, Taddei UT, Ortolani M, Sacco I. Repeatability of skin-markers based kinematic measures from a multi-segment foot model in walking and running. J Biomech. September 18, 2020;110:109983.