Anatomy of the Foot and Ankle: Descriptive, Topographic, Functional

Year	Entry
2008	Anderson RB, Shawen SB. Great-toe disorders. In: Porter DA, Schon LC, eds. Baxter's the Foot and Ankle in Sport. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby-Elsevier; 2008:chap 18.412-433.
2014	Anderson JG, Bohay DR, Patthanacharoenphon CG, Ertl AM. Midfoot injuries. In: Philbin TM, ed. Sports Injuries of the Foot: Evolving Diagnosis and Treatment. New York, NY: Springer; 2014:71-86.
1997	Bowman MW. Athletic injuries of the great toe metatarsophalangeal joint. In: Adelaar RS, ed. Disorders of the Great Toe. Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 1997:1-22.
2000	Hsu T-C, Wang C-L, Shau Y-W, Tang F-T, Li K-L, Chen C-Y. Altered heel-pad mechanical properties in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetic Med. December 2000;17(12):854-859.
2009	Woodward S, Jacobson JA, Femino JE, Morag Y, Fessell DP, Dong Q. Sonographic evaluation of Lisfranc ligament injuries. J Ultrasound Med. 2009;28(3):351-357.
2012	Gu YD, Rong M, Li ZY, Lake MJ, Ruan GQ. Finite element analysis of deep transverse metatarsal ligaments mechanical response during landing. Adv Mater Res. 2012;472-475:2558-2561.
1994	Yao L, Do HM, Cracchiolo A, Farahani K. Plantar plate of the foot: findings on conventional arthrography and MR imaging. Am J Roentgen. September 1994;163(3):641-644.
1996	Preidler KW, Brossman J, Daenen B, Goodwin D, Schweitzer M, Resnick D. MR imaging of the tarsometatarsal joint: analysis of injuries in 11 patients. Am J Roentgen. 1996;167(5):1217-1222.
1999	Preidler KW, Peicha G, Lajtai G, Seibert FJ, Fock C, Szolar DM, Raith H. Conventional radiography, CT, and MR imaging in patients with hyperflexion injuries of the foot: diagnostic accuracy in the detection of bony and ligamentous changes. Am J Roentgen. 1999;173(6):1673-1677.
2004	Brown KW, Morrison WB, Schweitzer ME, Parellada JA, Nothnagel H. MRI findings associated with distal tibiofibular syndesmosis injury. Am J Roentgen. January 2004;182(1):131-136.
2009	Melão L, Canella C, Weber M, Negrão P, Trudell D, Resnick D. Ligaments of the transverse tarsal joint complex: MRI-anatomic correlation in cadavers. Am J Roentgen. 2009;193(3):662-671.
2010	Castro M, Melão L, Canella C, Weber M, Negrão P, Trudell D, Resnick D. Lisfranc joint ligamentous complex: MRI with anatomic correlation in cadavers. Am J Roentgen. 2010;195(6):W447-W455.
2009	Mei-Dan O, Kots E, Barchilon V, Massarwe S, Nyska M, Mann G. A dynamic ultrasound examination for the diagnosis of ankle syndesmotic injury in professional athletes: a preliminary study. Am J Sports Med. May 2009;37(5):1009-1016.
2001	Jacob HAC. Forces acting in the forefoot during normal gait: an estimate. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). November 2001;16(9):783-792.
2002	Hsu T-C, Lee Y-S, Shau Y-W. Biomechanics of the heel pad for type 2 diabetic patients. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). May 2002;17(4):291-296.
2012	Isvilanonda V, Dengler E, Iaquinto JM, Sangeorzan BJ, Ledoux WR. Finite element analysis of the foot: model validation and comparison between two common treatments of the clawed hallux deformity. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). October 2012;27(8):837-844.
1995	Felder-Johnson KL, Murdoch DP, McGanity P. Lisfranc's fracture-dislocation: a literature review and case presentations of tarsometatarsal joint injuries. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 1995;12(4):565-602.
2001	Smith KM, Kovacich-Smith KJ, Witt M. Evaluation and management of high ankle sprains. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. July 2001;18(3):443-456.
2004	Zgonis T, Burns P, Gehl R. Lisfranc arthrodesis. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2004;21(1):113-128.
2011	Lee DK, Mulder GD, Schwartz AK. Hallux, sesamoid, and first metatarsal injuries. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2011;28(1):43-56.
2011	Hentges MJ, Lee MS. Chronic ankle and subtalar joint instability in the athlete. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2011;28(1):87-104.
1994	Clanton TO, Ford JJ. Turf toe injury. Clin Sports Med. 1994;13(4):731-741.
2012	Frimenko RE, Lievers WB, Coughlin MJ, Anderson RB, Crandall JR, Kent RW. Etiology and biomechanics of first metatarsophalangeal joint sprains (turf toe) in athletes. Crit Rev Biomed Eng. 2012;40(1):43-61.
2015	Lievers WB, Frimenko RE, McCullough KA, Crandall JR, Kent RW. Etiology and biomechanics of midfoot (Lisfranc) injuries in athletes. Crit Rev Biomed Eng. 2015;43(2-3):213-238.
1996	Early JS, Bucholz RW. Lisfranc injuries and their management. Curr Orthop. July 1996;10(3):169-173.
2005	Makwana NK. Tarsometatarsal injuries—Lisfranc injuries. Curr Orthop. 2005;19(2):108-118.
1986	Clanton TO, Butler JE, Eggert A. Injuries to the metatarsophalangeal joints in athletes. Foot Ankle. 1986;7(3):162-176.
1991	Graves SC, Prieskorn D, Mann RA. Posttraumatic proximal migration of the first metatarsophalangel joint sesamoids: a report of four cases. Foot Ankle. 1991;12(2):117-122.
1993	Prieskorn D, Graves SC, Smith RA. Morphometric analysis of the plantar plate apparatus of the first metatarsophalangel joint. Foot Ankle. May 1993;14(4):204-207.
1993	Huang C-K, Kitaoka HB, An K-N, Chao EYS. Biomechanical evaluation of longitudinal arch stability. Foot Ankle. July–August 1993;14(6):353-357.
2000	Watson TS, Anderson RB, Davis WH. Periarticular injuries to the hallux metatarsophalangeal joint in athletes. Foot and Ankle Clinics. 2000;5(3):687-713.
2002	Clanton TO, Paul P. Syndesmosis injuries in athletes. Foot and Ankle Clinics. September 2002;7(3):529-549.
2012	Nery C, Réssio C, Alloza JFM. Subtle Lisfranc joint ligament lesions: surgical neoligamentplasty technique. Foot and Ankle Clinics. September 2012;17(3):407-416.
1994	Kitaoka HB, Luo ZP, Growney ES, Berglund LJ, An K-N. Material properties of the plantar aponeurosis. Foot Ankle Int. 1994;15(10):557-560.
1995	Deland JT, Lee K-T, Sobel M, DiCarlo EF. Anatomy of the plantar plate and its attachments in the lesser metatarsal phalangeal joint. Foot Ankle Int. 1995;16(8):480-486.
1997	Kitaoka HB, Luo ZP, An K-N. Mechanical behavior of the foot and ankle after plantar fascia release in the unstable foot. Foot Ankle Int. 1997;18(1):8-15.
1997	de Palma L, Santucci A, Sabetta SP, Rapali S. Anatomy of the Lisfranc joint complex. Foot Ankle Int. June 1997;18(6):356-364.
1997	Ward KA, Soames RW. Morphology of the plantar calcaneocuboid ligaments. Foot Ankle Int. October 1997;18(10):649-653.
1998	>Potter HG, Deland JT, Gusmer PB, Carson E, Warren RF. Magnetic resonance imaging of the Lisfranc ligament of the foot. Foot Ankle Int. July 1998;19(7):438-446.
1998	Milner CE, Soames RW. Anatomy of the collateral ligaments of the human ankle joint. Foot Ankle Int. 1998;19(11):757-760.
2000	Sabry FF, Ebraheim NA, Mehalik JN, Rezcallah AT. Internal architecture of the calcaneus: implications for calcaneus fractures. Foot Ankle Int. 2000;21(2):114-118.
2001	Solan MC, Moorman CT III, Miyamoto RG, Jasper LE, Belkoff SM. Ligamentous restraints of the second tarsometatarsal joint: a biomechanical evaluation. Foot Ankle Int. August 2001;22(8):637-641.
2002	Vertullo CJ, Easley ME, Nunley JA. The transverse dorsal approach to the lisfranc joint. Foot Ankle Int. 2002;23(5):420-426.
2005	Kadel N, Boenisch M, Tietz C, Trepman E. Stability of Lisfranc joint in ballet pointe position. Foot Ankle Int. May 2005;26(5):394-400.
2006	Jotoku T, Kinoshita M, Okuda R, Abe M. Anatomy of ligamentous structures in the tarsal sinus and canal. Foot Ankle Int. 2006;27(7):533-538.
2006	Desmond EA, Chou LB. Current concepts review: Lisfranc injuries. Foot Ankle Int. 2006;27(8):653-660.
2008	Perez HR, Reber LK, Christensen JC. The effect of frontal plane position on first ray motion: forefoot locking mechanism. Foot Ankle Int. 2008;29(1):72-76.
2008	Cheng H-YK, Lin C-L, Chou S-W, Wang H-W. Nonlinear finite element analysis of the plantar fascia due to the windlass mechanism. Foot Ankle Int. 2008;29(8):845-851.
2013	Panchbhavi VK, Molina D IV, Villarreal J, Curry MC, Andersen CR. Three-dimensional, digital, and gross anatomy of the Lisfranc ligament. Foot Ankle Int. June 2013;34(6):876-880.
2008	Johnson A, Hill K, Ward J, Ficke J. Anatomy of the Lisfranc ligament. Foot Ankle Spec. 2008;1(1):19-23.
2003	Carmont MR, Cribb GL, Ha SM. Dorsal dislocation of the first metatarsophalangeal joint associated with fractured second metatarsal head: a case report and literature review. Foot Ankle Surg. 2003;9(3):187-191.
2011	Dereymaeker G, Mulier T, Girisch P. The first metatarsophalangeal joint meniscus and its relation to hallux valgus deformity: an anatomical and clinical study. Foot Ankle Surg. December 2011;17(4):270-273.
1999	Richardson EG. Hallucal sesamoid pain: causes and surgical treatment. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1999;7(4):270-278.
2010	Watson TS, Shurnas PS, Denker J. Treatment of Lisfranc joint injury: current concepts. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. December 2010;18(12):718-728.
1988	Buell T, Green DR, Risser J. Measurement of the first metatarsophalangeal joint range of motion. J Am Podiatr Assoc. 1988;78(9):439-448.
2008	Maskill M, Mendicino R, Saltrick K, Catanzariti A. Traumatic dislocation of the first metatarsophalangeal joint with tibial sesamoid fracture: a case report of a Type ⅲ B dislocation. J Am Podiatr Assoc. 2008;98(2):149-152.
2002	Harton FM, Weiskopf SA, Goecker RM. Sectioning the plantar fascia: effect on first metatarsophalangeal joint motion. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2002;92(10):532-536.
2001	Norkus SA, Floyd RT. The anatomy and mechanisms of syndesmotic ankle sprains. J Athl Train. January–March 2001;36(1):68-73.
2008	Imhauser CW, Siegler S, Udupa JK, Toy JR. Subject-specific models of the hindfoot reveal a relationship between morphology and passive mechanical properties. J Biomech. 2008;41(6):1341-1349.
2008	Cheng H-YK, Lin C-L, Wang H-W, Chou S-W. Finite element analysis of plantar fascia under stretch: the relative contribution of windlass mechanism and Achilles tendon force. J Biomech. 2008;41(9):1937-1944.
2023	Isvilanonda V, Li EY, Iaquinto JM, Ledoux WR. Regional differences in the mechanical properties of the plantar aponeurosis. J Biomech. April 2023;151:111531.
2004	Ledoux WR, Meaney DF, Hillstrom HJ. A quasi-linear, viscoelastic, structural model of the plantar soft tissue with frequency-sensitive damping properties. J Biomech Eng. 2004;126(6):831-837.
2017	Shakked RJ. Lisfranc injury in the athlete. JBJS Reviews. September 2017;5(9):e4.
1984	Lewis AG, DeLee JC. Type-I complex dislocation of the first metatarsophalangeal joint - open reduction through a dorsal approach: a case report. J Bone Joint Surg. 1984;66A(7):1120-1123.
2003	Taniguchi A, Tanaka Y, Takakura Y, Kadono K, Maeda M, Yamamoto H. Anatomy of the spring ligament. J Bone Joint Surg. 2003;85A(11):2174-2178.
2007	Kaar S, Femino J, Morag Y. Lisfranc joint displacement following sequential ligament sectioning. J Bone Joint Surg. 2007;89A(10):2225-2232.
2008	Myerson MS, Cerrato RA. Current management of tarsometatarsal injuries in the athlete. J Bone Joint Surg. 2008;90A(11):2522-2533.
2008	Panchbhavi VK, Andersen CR, Vallurupalli S, Yang J. A minimally disruptive model and three-dimensional evaluation of Lisfranc joint diastasis. J Bone Joint Surg. 2008;90A(12):2707-2713.
2002	Peicha G, Labovitz J, Seibert FJ, Grechenig W, Weiglein A, Preidler KW, Quehenberger F. The anatomy of the joint as a risk factor for Lisfranc dislocation and fracture-dislocation: an anatomical and radiological case control study. J Bone Joint Surg. 2002;84B(7):981-985.
2008	Dattani R, Patnaik S, Kantak A, Srikanth B, Selvan TP. Injuries to the tibiofibular syndesmosis. J Bone Joint Surg. April 2008;90B(4):405-410.
2000	Rand T, Frank L, Pretterklieber M, Muhle C, Resnick D. Intertarsal ligaments: high resolution MRI and anatomic correlation. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2000;24(4):584-593.
1997	Killian FJ, Carpenter BB, Mostone E. Dorsal dislocation of the first metatarsophalangeal joint. J Foot Ankle Surg. 1997;36(2):131-135.
1997	Liu GT, Lavery LA, Schenck RC Jr., Lanctot DR, Zhu CF, Athanasiou KA. Human articular cartilage biomechanics of the second metatarsal intermediate cuneiform joint. J Foot Ankle Surg. 1997;36(5):367-374.
1997	Douglas DP, Davidson DM, Robinson JE, Bedi DG. Rupture of the medial collateral ligament of the first metatarsophalangeal joint in a professional soccer player. J Foot Ankle Surg. 1997;36(5):388-390.
2002	Rose JD, Flanigan KP, Mlodzienski A. Tibiofibular diastasis without ankle fracture: a review and report of two cases. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2002;41(1):44-51.
2008	Doshi D, Prabhu P, Bhattacharjee A. Dorsal dislocation of the intermediate cuneiform with fracture of the Lisfranc joint: a case report. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2008;47(1):60-62.
1991	Copeland CL, Kanat IO. A new classification for traumatic dislocations of the first metatarsophalangeal joint: type iic. J Foot Surg. 1991;30(3):234-237.
2022	Malakoutikhah H, Madenci E, Latt LD. The contribution of the ligaments in progressive collapsing foot deformity: a comprehensive computational study. J Orthop Res. September 2022;40(9):2209-2221.
2001	Kura H, Luo Z-P, Kitaoka HB, Smutz WP, An K-N. Mechanical behavior of the Lisfranc and dorsal cuneometatarsal ligaments: in vitro biomechanical study. J Orthop Trauma. February 2001;15(2):107-110.
2005	Mkandawire C, Ledoux WR, Sangeorzan BJ, Ching RP. Foot and ankle ligament morphometry. J Rehab Res Dev. November–December 2005;42(6):809-819.
2014	Oak NR, Manoli A II, Holmes JR. Longitudinal Lisfranc injury. J Surg Orthop Adv. Winter 2014;23(4):233-236.
2010	Golanó P, Vega J, de Leeuw PAJ, Malagelada F, Manzanares C, Götzens V, van Dijk CN. Anatomy of the ankle ligaments: a pictorial essay. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. May 2010;18(5):557-569.
2005	Coughlin M. Athletic injury to the first metatarsal phalangeal joint. Méd Chir Pied. 2005;21(2):65-72.
2006	Esway J-E, Boyer M, Shereff M, Wukich DK. Lisfranc injuries: what have we learned since Napoleon’s era? Oper Tech Orthop. 2006;16(1):60-67.
1995	Trevino SG, Kodros S. Controversies in tarsometatarsal injuries. Orthop Clin North Am. 1995;26(2):229-238.
2010	Coughlin MJ, Kemp TJ, Hirose CB. Turf toe: soft tissue and osteocartilaginous injury to the first metatarsophalangeal joint. Phys Sportsmed. April 2010;38(1):91-100.
1999	Glasoe WM, Yack HJ, Saltzman CL. Anatomy and biomechanics of the first ray. Phys Therap. 1999;79(9):854-859.
2021	Welte L, Kelly LA, Kessler SE, Lieberman DE, D’Andrea SE, Lichtwark GA, Rainbow MJ. The extensibility of the plantar fascia influences the windlass mechanism during human running. Proc R Soc B. January 27, 2021;288(1943):20202095.
2008	Hatem SF. Imaging of Lisfranc injury and midfoot sprain. Radiol Clin North Am. 2008;46(6):1045-1060.
1996	Preidler KW, Wang Y-c, Brossmann J, Trudell D, Daenen B, Resnick D. Tarsometatarsal joint: anatomic details on MR images. Radiology. 1996;199(3):733-736.
2002	Delfaut EM, Rosenberg ZS, Demondion X. Malalignment at the Lisfranc joint: MR features in asymptomatic patients and cadaveric specimens. Skeletal Radiol. September 2002;31(9):499-504.
2013	Ulbrich EJ, Zubler V, Sutter R, Espinosa N, Pfirrmann CW, Zanetti M. Ligaments of the Lisfranc joint in MRI: 3D-SPACE (sampling perfection with application optimized contrasts using different flip-angle evolution) sequence compared to three orthogonal proton-density fat-saturated (PD fs) sequences. Skeletal Radiol. March 2013;42(3):399-409.
2003	Sammarco VJ. Principles and techniques in rehabilitation of the athlete's foot, IV: rehabilitation of static joints. Tech Foot Ankle Surg. 2003;2(4):272-279.
2010	Nery C, Réssio C, Marion Alloza JF. Neoligamentplasty for the treatment of subtle ligament lesions of the intercuneiform and tarsometatarsal joints. Tech Foot Ankle Surg. 2010;9(3):92-99.
2010	Miller SD, Faro FD. Surgical methods in dealing with sensory neuritis as a complication of Lisfranc fracture dislocation. Tech Foot Ankle Surg. 2010;9(3):111-114.
2010	Panchbhavi VK, Villarreal AD. Treatment of acute Lisfranc fracture and dislocation in patients with neuropathy. Tech Foot Ankle Surg. 2010;9(3):115-122.
2003	Tomaro JE. Subtalar Joint Ratios in Standing and During Gait in Subjects With Overuse Injuries [PhD thesis]. University of Pittsburgh; 2003.
2021	Clarke AJ. Crista Volume Measured from 3D Reconstruction of Weightbearing CT Scans Shows a Relationship to Sesamoid Station [Master's thesis]. University of Pittsburgh; 2021.
2008	Lewis GS. Computational Modeling of the Mechanics of Flatfoot Deformity and Its Surgical Corrections [PhD thesis]. State College, PA: Pennsylvania State University; December 2008.
2020	Welte LKM. Arch-Rivals? The Roles of the Windlass and Arch-Spring Mechanisms in Running [PhD thesis]. Queen's University; September 2020.
2007	Duval K. Investigating the Mechanical Relationship Between the Feet and Low-Back [Master's thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; December 2007.
2013	Frimenko RE. Injury Mechanism and Threshold of Acute First Metatarsophalangeal Joint Sprains [Master's thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; May 2013.
2014	Handsfield GG. MRI and Computational Modeling of in Vivo Muscle-Tendon Architecture and Function [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; December 2014.
2010	Iaquinto JM. The Design and Validation of a Novel Computational Simulation of the Leg for the Investigation of Injury, Disease, and Surgical Treatment [PhD thesis]. Richmond, VA: Virginia Commonwealth University; May 2010.
2013	Spratley EM. Patient-Specific Modeling of Adult Acquired Flatfoot Deformity Before and After Surgery [PhD thesis]. Richmond, VA: Virginia Commonwealth University; 2013.
2016	Chande RD. Improved Capability of a Computational Foot/ankle Model Using Artificial Neural Networks [PhD thesis]. Richmond, VA: Virginia Commonwealth University; May 2016.
2002	Mkandawire C. The Relationship Between Viscoelastic Relaxation and Ligament Morphometry [PhD thesis]. Seattle, WA: University of Washington; 2002.