Volunteer, anthropometric dummy, and cadaver responses with three and four point restraints

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Patrick, L. M.; Trosien, K. R.

Volunteer, anthropometric dummy, and cadaver responses with three and four point restraints

Proceedings of the SAE Automotive Engineering Congress and Exposition

Abstract

The paper gives an evaluation of the performance of lap and shoulder belt restraint systems currently being used in American-built automobiles. Comparisons are made of the response characteristics of a volunteer, an anthropometric dummy, and a cadaver when subjected to identical collision environments while wearing a three or four point torso restraint system as occupants of the right front seat.

Simulated frontal force barrier collisions in a modified automobile provided the realistic environment for the restraint system performance study. Human tolerances, interior vehicle geometry, and the interaction of the restrained occupant with the vehicle during the collision are reported in detail.
Links

DOI: 10.4271/710079

SAE: 710079

Cited Works (13)

Year	Entry
1965	Fredericks RH. Barrier collision investigation of harness restraining systems. In: Severy DM, ed. Proceedings of the 7th Stapp Car Crash and Field Demonstration Conference. 1963; University of California at Los Angeles. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 1965:3-17.
1965	McHenry RR. Analysis of the dynamics of automobile passenger-restraint systems. In: Severy DM, ed. Proceedings of the 7th Stapp Car Crash and Field Demonstration Conference. 1963; University of California at Los Angeles. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 1965:207-249.
1964	Kroell CK, Patrick LM. A new crash simulator and biomechanics research program. In: Patrick LM, ed. Proceedings of the 8th Stapp Car Crash and Field Demonstration Conference. October 21-23, 1964; Wayne State University. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press:185-228. SAE 640851.
1961	Ryan JJ. Reduction in crash forces. In: Proceedings of the 5th Stapp Car Crash and Field Demonstration Conference. September 14-16, 1961; University of Minnesota. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:48-89.
1967	Snyder RG, Young JW, Snow CC. Experimental impact protection with advanced automotive restraint systems: preliminary primate tests with air bag and inertia reel/inverted-y yoke torso harness. In: Proceedings of the 11th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 10-11, 1967; Anaheim, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:406-431. SAE 670922.
1966	McHenry RR, Naab KN. Computer simulation of the crash victim: a validation study. In: Proceedings of the 10th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 8-9, 1966; Hollomon Air Force Base, NM. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE 660792.
1964	Clark C, Blechschmidt C, Gordon F. Impact protection with the "airstop" restraint system. In: Patrick LM, ed. Proceedings of the 8th Stapp Car Crash and Field Demonstration Conference. October 21-23, 1964; Wayne State University. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press:79-113. SAE 640845.
1964	Bohlin NI. Studies of three-point restraint harness systems in full-scale barrier crashes and sled runs. In: Patrick LM, ed. Proceedings of the 8th Stapp Car Crash and Field Demonstration Conference. October 21-23, 1964; Wayne State University. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press:258-319. SAE 640854.
1967	Patrick LM, Mertz HJ Jr, Kroell CK. Cadaver knee, chest and head impact loads. In: Proceedings of the 11th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 10-11, 1967; Anaheim, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:168-182. SAE 670913.
1965	Huelke DF, Gikas PW. Determination of seat belt effectiveness for survival in fatal highway collisions. In: Severy DM, ed. Proceedings of the 7th Stapp Car Crash and Field Demonstration Conference. 1963; University of California at Los Angeles. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 1965:403-431.
1968	Patrick LM, Van Kirk DJ, Nyquist GW. Vehicle accelerator crash simulator. In: Proceedings of the 12th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 22-23, 1968; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:402-423. SAE 680791.
1967	Mertz HFJ Jr. The Kinematics and Kinetics of Whiplash [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; 1967.
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Cited By (17)

Year	Entry
1973	Patrick LM. Comparison of dynamic response of humans and test devices (dummies). In: King WF, Mertz HJ, eds. Human Impact Response: Measurement and Simulation. Proceedings of the Symposium on Human Impact Response held at the General Motors Research Laboratorie; October 2-3, 1972; Warren, MI. New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1973:17-34.
1976	Mohan D, Zador P, O’Neill B, Ginsburg M. Air bags and lap/shoulder belts: a comparison of their effectiveness in real world, frontal crashes. In: 20th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). November 1-3, 1976; Atlanta, GA.315-335.
2001	Lorenz B, Kallieris D, Strohbeck-Kuehner P, Mattern R, Class U, Lueders M. Volunteer tests on human tolerance levels of pretension for reversible seatbelt tensioners in the pre-crash-phase phase I results: tests using a stationary vehicle. In: Proceedings of the 2001 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. October 10-12, 2001; Isle of Man, UK.
2005	Shaw G, Lessley D, Crandall J, Kent R, Kitis L. Elimination of thoracic muscle tensing effects for frontal crash dummies. In: Proceedings of the SAE World Congress & Exhibition. April 11-14, 2005; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE 2005-01-0307.
1974	Hendler E, O'Rourke J, Schulman M, Katzeff M, Domzalski L, Rodgers S. Effect of head and body position and muscular tensing on response to impact. In: Proceedings of the 18th Stapp Car Crash Conference. December 4-5, 1974; Ann Arbor, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:303-337. SAE 741184.
1974	Schmidt G, Kallieris D, Barz J, Mattern R. Results of 49 cadaver tests simulating frontal collision of front seat passengers. In: Proceedings of the 18th Stapp Car Crash Conference. December 4-5, 1974; Ann Arbor, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:283-291. SAE 741182.
1980	Begeman PC, King AI, Levine RS, Viano DC. Biodynamic response of the musculoskeletal system to impact acceleration. In: Proceedings of the 24th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 15-17, 1980; Troy, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:479-509. SAE 801312.
2004	Kent R, Lessley D, Sherwood C. Thoracic response to dynamic, non-impact loading from a hub, distributed belt, diagonal belt, and double diagonal belts. Stapp Car Crash J. 2004;48:495-519. SAE 2004-22-0022.
2006	Forman J, Lessley D, Kent R, Bostrom O, Pipkorn B. Whole-body kinematic and dynamic response of restrained PMHS in frontal sled tests. Stapp Car Crash J. 2006;50:299-336. SAE 2006-22-0013.
2006	Murakami D, Kobayashi S, Torigaki T, Kent R. Finite element analysis of hard and soft tissue contributions to thoracic response: sensitivity analysis of fluctuations in boundary conditions. Stapp Car Crash J. 2006;50:169-189. SAE 2006-22-0008.
2008	Michaelson J, Forman J, Kent R, Kuppa S. Rear seat occupant safety: kinematics and injury of PMHS restrained by a standard 3-point belt in frontal crashes. Stapp Car Crash J. 2008;52:295-325. SAE 2008-22-0012.
2009	Forman J, Lopez-Valdes F, Lessley D, Kindig M, Kent R, Ridella S, Bostrom O. Rear seat occupant safety: an investigation of a progressive force-limiting, pretensioning 3-point belt system using adult PMHS in frontal sled tests. Stapp Car Crash J. 2009;53:49-74. SAE 2009-22-0002.
2012	Luet C, Trosseille X, Drazétic P, Potier P, Vallancien G. Kinematics and dynamics of the pelvis in the process of submarining using PMHS sled tests. Stapp Car Crash J. October 2012;56:411-442.
2011	Crandall JR, Bose D, Forman J, Untaroiu CD, Arregui‐Dalmases C, Shaw CG, Kerrigan JR. Human surrogates for injury biomechanics research. Clin Anat. 2011;24(3):362-371.
2010	Lessley DJ, Salzar R, Crandall J, Kent R, Bolton JR, Bass CR, Guillemot H, Forman JL. Kinematics of the thorax under dynamic belt loading conditions. Int J Crashworthiness. 2010;15(2):175-190.
2007	Good CA. Biomechanics of Occupant Loading by Pre-Crash Motorized Shoulder Belt Tensioning [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; 2007.
2015	Beeman SM. Biomechanical Response of Human Volunteers and Surrogates in a Variety of Loading Regimes [PhD thesis]. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; 2015.