Tensile mechanics of the developing cervical spine

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Ching, Randal P.¹; Nuckley, David J.¹; Hertsted, Suzanne M.¹; Eck, Michael P.²; Mann, Frederick A.³; Sun, Emily A.³

Tensile mechanics of the developing cervical spine

Stapp Car Crash J. 2001;45:329-336

Affiliations

¹University of Washington, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine

²University of Washington, Department of Radiology

³National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, US DOT
Abstract and keywords

This study examined the effect of spinal development (developmental age) on the tensile mechanics of the cervical spine. A total of 68 isolated functional spinal units were subjected to tensile loading to document their mechanical response (tensile stiffness and ultimate failure load). Cadaveric baboon specimens, ranging in age from 2 to 26 human-equivalent years, were used due to the limited availability of human tissues in the pediatric age range. Statistically significant correlation was found between developmental age and both tensile stiffness and ultimate failure load. Furthermore, differences in these properties were observed as a function of spinal level. In addition to providing age-related data for the developing spine, our findings suggest that reasonable scaling relationships exist between the adult and the child spine. These relationships provide a basis for scaling adult properties to the child, which may abet the development of pediatric neck injury tolerance values.

Keywords:
Links

PubMed: 1745875

SAE: 2001-22-0015

Cited By (29)

Year	Entry
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2002	Sherwood CP, Shaw CG, van Rooij L, Kent RW, Gupta PK, Crandall JR, Orzechowski KM, Eichelberger MR, Kallieris D. Prediction of cervical spine injury risk for the 6-year-old child in frontal crashes. In: 46th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). September 30–October 2, 2002; Tempe, AZ.
2009	Seacrist T, Maltese MR, Balasubramanian S, Garcia-Espana JF, Arbogast KB, Sterner R, Saffioti J, Kadlowec J. Comparison of passive cervical spine flexion in children and adults. In: Proceedings of the 21st International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 15-18, 2009; Stuttgart, Germany.
2002	Nightingale RW, Chancey VC, Luck JF, Tran L, Ottaviano D, Myers BS. Accounting for frame and fixation compliance in cervical spine tensile testing. In: Proceedings of the 30th International Workshop on Human Subjects for Biomechanical Research. November 2002; Ponte Vedra Beach, FL.21-28.
2002	Nuckley DJ, Harrington RM, Eck MP, Ku GS, Hertsted SM, Ching RP. Dynamic bending mechanics of the pediatric cervical spine. In: Proceedings of the 30th International Workshop on Human Subjects for Biomechanical Research. November 2002; Ponte Vedra Beach, FL.11-18.
2003	Elias PZ, Nuckley DJ, Ching RP. Effect of loading rate on compressive failure mechanics of the pediatric cervical spine. In: Proceedings of the 31st International Workshop on Human Subjects for Biomechanical Research. October 23, 2003; San Diego, CA.185-194.
2013	Luck JF, Nightingale RW, Bass CRD. Compressive mechanical properties of the perinatal, neonatal and pediatric cervical spine. In: Proceedings of the 2013 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 11-13, 2013; Gothenburg, Sweden.655-662.
2014	Arbogast KB. A public health priority for only ten percent of the car occupant population: why focus on children and how are they different biomechanically? In: Proceedings of the 2014 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 10-12, 2014; Berlin, Germany.1-14.
2014	Stammen JA, Donnelly BR, Suntay B, Moorhouse KM. Dynamic response criteria for a large child ATD thoracic spine. In: Proceedings of the 2014 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 10-12, 2014; Berlin, Germany.289-302.
2015	Rola E, Rzymkowski C. Effectiveness of the child restraint system with a special airbag and smart seatbelt pretensioner in frontal collisions. In: Proceedings of the 2015 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 9-11, 2015; Lyon, France.101-113.
2006	Vincent AR, Nuckley DJ, Ching RP. Pediatric neck muscle strength and endurance. In: Proceedings of the 2nd Ohio State University Injury Biomechanics Symposium. May 17-19, 2006; Columbus, OH.
2008	Castner T, Arbogast KB, Nadkami V, Sutton R, Nishisaki A, Maltese MR. Developing pediatric ATD thoracic biofidelity requirements from cardiopulmonary resuscitation data. In: Proceedings of the 4th Ohio State University Injury Biomechanics Symposium. May 19-20, 2008; Columbus, OH.
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2002	Hilker CE, Yoganandan N, Pintar FA. Experimental determination of adult and pediatric neck scale factors. Stapp Car Crash J. 2002;46:417-429. SAE 2002-22-0020.
2002	Nuckley DJ, Hertsted SM, Ku GS, Eck MP, Ching RP. Compressive tolerance of the maturing cervical spine. Stapp Car Crash J. 2002;46:431-440. SAE 2002-22-0021.
2008	Luck JF, Nightingale RW, Loyd AM, Prange MT, Dibb AT, Song Y, Fronheiser L, Myers BS. Tensile mechanical properties of the perinatal and pediatric PMHS osteoligamentous cervical spine. Stapp Car Crash J. 2008;52:107-134. SAE 2008-22-0005.
2009	Arbogast KB, Balasubramanian S, Seacrist T, Maltese MR, García-España JF, Hopely T, Constans E, Lopez-Valdes FJ, Kent RW, Tanji H, Higuchi K. Comparison of kinematic responses of the head and spine for children and adults in low-speed frontal sled tests. Stapp Car Crash J. 2009;53:329-372. SAE 2009-22-0012.
2007	Franklyn M, Peiris S, Huber C, Yang KH. Pediatric material properties: a review of human child and animal surrogates. Crit Rev Biomed Eng. 2007;35(3-4):197-342.
2005	Nuckley DJ, Hertsted SM, Eck MP, Ching RP. Effect of displacement rate on the tensile mechanics of pediatric cervical functional spinal units. J Biomech. November 2005;38(11):2266-2275.
2006	Nuckley DJ, Ching RP. Developmental biomechanics of the cervical spine: tension and compression. J Biomech. 2006;39(16):3045-3054.
2013	Lavallee AV, Ching RP, Nuckley DJ. Developmental biomechanics of neck musculature. J Biomech. 2013;46(3):527-534.
2009	Dibb AT, Nightingale RW, Luck JF, Chancey VC, Fronheiser LE, Myers BS. Tension and combined tension-extension structural response and tolerance properties of the human male ligamentous cervical spine. J Biomech Eng. August 2009;131(8):081008.
2013	Luck JF, Nightingale RW, Song Y, Kait JR, Loyd AM, Myers BS, Bass CRD. Tensile failure properties of the perinatal, neonatal, and pediatric cadaveric cervical spine. Spine. January 2013;38(1):E1-E12.
2013	Dibb AT, Cox CA, Nightingale RW, Luck JF, Cutcliffe HC, Myers BS, Arbogast KB, Seacrist T, Bass CR. Importance of muscle activations for biofidelic pediatric neck response in computational models. Traffic Inj Prev. November 22, 2013;14(suppl 1):S116-S127.
2011	Dibb AT. Pediatric Head and Neck Dynamic Response: A Computational Study [PhD thesis]. Duke University; 2011.
2012	Luck JF. The Biomechanics of the Perinatal, Neonatal and Pediatric Cervical Spine: Investigation of the Tensile, Bending and Viscoelastic Response [PhD thesis]. Durham, NC: Duke University; 2012.
2012	Beck B. Optimising Protection for Motor Vehicle Rear Seat Occupants [PhD thesis]. University of New South Wales; 2012.
2013	Lopez-Valdes FJ. Mechanics of the Pediatric Thoracic Spine and Its Role in the Kinematics of the Head in Automotive Frontal Impacts [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; May 2013.
2017	Yaek JL. Biofidelity Assessment of 6-Year-Old Anthropometric Test Devices (ATDs) and Scaling Laws in Lateral Impact [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; 2017.