Muscle, ligament, and joint-contact forces at the knee during walking

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Shelburne, Kevin B.¹; Torry, Michael R.¹; Pandy, Marcus G.^2,3

Muscle, ligament, and joint-contact forces at the knee during walking

Med Sci Sports Exer. November 2005;37(11):1948-1956

©2005 The American College of Sports Medicine

Affiliations

¹Steadman-Hawkins Research Foundation, Biomechanics Research Laboratory, Vail, CO

²Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX

³Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, AUSTRALIA
Abstract and keywords

Purpose: In vivo measurement of the forces and strains in human tissues is currently impracticable. Computer modeling and simulation allows estimates of these quantities to be obtained noninvasively. This paper reviews our recent work on muscle, ligament, and joint loading at the knee during gait.

Methods: Muscle and ground-reaction forces obtained from a sophisticated computer simulation of walking were input into a detailed model of the lower limb to obtain ligament and joint-contact loading at the knee for one full cycle of gait.

Results: Peak anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) force occurred in early stance and was mainly determined by the anterior pull of the patellar tendon on the tibia. The medial collateral ligament was the primary restraint to anterior tibial translation (ATT) in the ACL-deficient knee. ATT in the ACL-deficient knee can be reduced to the level calculated for the intact knee by increasing hamstrings muscle force. Reducing quadriceps force was insufficient to restore ATT to the level calculated for the intact knee. For both normal and ACL-deficient walking, the resultant force acting between the femur and tibia remained mainly on the medial side of the knee. The knee adductor moment was resisted by a combination of muscle and ligament forces.

Conclusion: Knee-ligament loading during the stance phase of gait is explained by the pattern of anterior shear force applied to the leg. The distribution of force at the tibiofemoral joint is determined by the variation in the external adductor moment applied at the knee. The forces acting at the tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joints are similar during normal and ACL-deficient gait. Hamstrings facilitation is more effective than quadriceps avoidance in reducing ATT during ACL-deficient gait.

Keywords: COMPUTER MODELING; TIBIOFEMORAL; PATELLOFEMORAL; MEDIAL COMPARTMENT; ADDUCTOR MOMENT; OSTEOARTHRITIS
Links

DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000180404.86078.ff

PubMed: 16286866

WoS: 000233451000018
History

Received: 2005-01

Accepted: 2005-06

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2012	Steele KM, DeMers MS, Schwartz MH, Delp SL. Compressive tibiofemoral force during crouch gait. Gait Post. April 2012;35(4):556-560.
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2022	Thomeer LT, Guan S, Gray HA, Pandy MG. Articular contact motion at the knee during daily activities. J Orthop Res. August 2022;40(8):1756-1769.
2023	Halloran JP, Nohouji NA, Hafez MA, Besier TF, Chokhandre SK, Elmasry S, Hume DR, Imhauser CW, Rooks NB, Schneider MTY, Schwartz A, Shelburne KB, Zaylor W, Erdemir A. Assessment of reporting practices and reproducibility potential of a cohort of published studies in computational knee biomechanics. J Orthop Res. February 2023;41(2):325-334.
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2019	Smith CR. Simulating the Effects of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury and Treatment on Cartilage Loading During Walking [PhD thesis]. University of Wisconsin – Madison; 2019.