Effect of biomechanical conditioning on cartilaginous tissue formation in vitro

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Waldman, Stephen D.¹; Spiteri, Caroline G.¹; Grynpas, Marc D.¹; Pilliar, Robert M.¹; Hong, Jason¹; Kandel, Rita A.¹

Effect of biomechanical conditioning on cartilaginous tissue formation in vitro

J Bone Joint Surg. 2003;85A(suppl 2):101-105

©2003 The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Incorporated

Affiliations

¹Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
Abstract

Background: Although tissue engineering of articular cartilage is a promising approach for cartilage repair, it has been difficult to develop cartilaginous tissue in vitro that mimics the properties of native cartilage. Isolated chondrocytes grown in culture typically do not accumulate enough extracellular matrix, and the generated tissue possesses only a fraction of the mechanical properties of native cartilage. One potential explanation for this might be that the cells are grown in an environment that lacks the mechanical stimuli to which the chondrocytes are exposed in vivo. In this study, we compared the long-term effects of both dynamic compressive and shearing forces on cartilaginous tissue formation in vitro.

Methods: Bovine articular chondrocytes were grown on the surface of porous ceramic substrates and were maintained under static, free-swelling conditions for a period of four weeks. Cultures were then subjected to six minutes of mechanical stimulation every other day, in either compression or shear, for an additional four-week period.

Results: Cartilaginous tissues cultured in the presence of intermittent compression or shear were significantly thicker (p < 0.05) and had accumulated more extracellular matrix (p < 0.01) compared with the unstimulated controls. However, when normalized by the wet weight of the tissue, cultures stimulated in the presence of shearing forces contained more proteoglycans and collagen compared with compression-stimulated cultures. These cultures also displayed the largest increase in mechanical properties, with a threefold increase in equilibrium stress and a fivefold increase in equilibrium modulus.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: The results of this study demonstrate that a brief application of mechanical forces applied periodically over a long duration can improve the quality of cartilaginous tissue formed in vitro. However, the changes in tissue composition and mechanical properties were dependent on the specific mode of the applied mechanical forces, with shear stimulation eliciting the greater effect. This finding suggests that chondrocytes may respond differently to different modes of applied forces.
Links

DOI: 10.2106/00004623-200300002-00013

PubMed: 12721351

WoS: 000182137500014

PROQUEST: 205162558

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2014	Puetzer JL. Development of Engineered Menisci With Native-Like Organization Using High Density Collagen Gels and Mechanical Stimulation [PhD thesis]. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University; August 2014.
2006	Gemmiti CV. Effect of Fluid Flow on Tissue-Engineered Cartilage in a Novel Bioreactor [PhD thesis]. Atlanta, GA: Georgia Institute of Technology; December 2006.
2009	Fan CY. Effects of Intermittent Static and Dynamic Tension on Articular Chondrocytes in High Density Culture [Master's thesis]. Queen's University; March 2009.
2010	Usprech JF. A Therapeutic Dose of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) for Cartilage Tissue Engineering [Master's thesis]. Queen's University; September 2010.
2011	Bow JK. Using Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) as a Substitute for Mechanical Stimulation for Tissue Engineering Applications [Master's thesis]. Queen's University; January 2011.
2011	Surrao DC. Biomimetic Scaffolds for Ligament Tissue Engineering [PhD thesis]. Queen's University; December 2011.
2015	Weber JF. The Sensitivity of Articular Chondrocytes to Dynamic Mechanical Stimulation [PhD thesis]. Queen's University; December 2015.
2015	Bartnikowski M. Design and Characterisation of Scaffolds for Osteochondral Regeneration [PhD thesis]. Queensland University of Technology; December 2015.
2017	Meinert AC. Hydrogels and Bioreactors for Cartilage Research and Functional Tissue Engineering [PhD thesis]. Queensland University of Technology; 2017.
2009	Elder BD. Optimizing a Scaffoldless Approach for Cartilage Tissue Engineering [PhD thesis]. Houston, TX: Rice University; January 2009.
2007	McMahon LA. The Effect of Cyclic Tensile Loading and Growth Factors on the Chondrogenic Differentiation of Bone-Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Collagen-Glycosaminoglycan Scaffold [PhD thesis]. Trinity College Dublin; September 2007.
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2014	Pourmohammadali H. Mechanical and Hydromechanical Stimulation of Chondrocytes for Articular Cartilage Tissue Engineering [PhD thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2014.