Injury Probability for Car Occupants in Frontal and Side Impacts

An in-depth crash injury investigation was undertaken to provide data for an analysis of the probability of injury related to crash severity, as calculated using the CRASH 2 computer program. By use of Probit Analysis techniques estimates of the probabilities of injury have been calculated for unbelted and belted car occupants in frontal and side impacts.

In the case of frontal impacts probabilities of injury are given for the head, chest and lower limbs and pelvis separately as well as for the body as a whole. In side impacts the probabilities of injury to individual body regions are not given but probabilities for the whole body are given separately for occupants seated on the impact side of the vehicle and for those seated on the opposite side. For those occupants seated on the impact side, the probability of injury has also been related to the extent of intrusion into the passenger compartment.

In addition, the effects of overloading occupants by other unrestrained occupants in the car have been examined.

Year	Entry
1976	Lowne RW, Wall JG. A procedure for estimating injury tolerance levels for car occupants. In: Proceedings of the 20th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 18-20, 1976; Dearborn, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:643-664. SAE 760820.
1980	Hobbs CA. Car occupant injury patterns and mechanisms. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). October 21-24, 1980; Wolfsburg, Germany.755-768.
1980	Jones IS, Jennings PW. Development and evaluation of the CRASH 2 program for use under European conditions. In: Proceedings of the 1980 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 9-11, 1980; Birmingham, England.318-331.
1982	Jones IS, Shaibani SJ. A comparison of injury severity and crash severity distributions and their application to standards for occupant protection. In: Proceedings of the 1982 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 8-10, 1982; Cologne, Germany.1-16.
1976	Wall J, Lowne RW, Harris J. The determination of tolerable loadings for car occupants in impact. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). October 12-15, 1976; Washington, D.C.758-766.

Year

Entry

1976

Lowne RW, Wall JG. A procedure for estimating injury tolerance levels for car occupants. In: Proceedings of the 20th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 18-20, 1976; Dearborn, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:643-664. SAE 760820.

1980

Hobbs CA. Car occupant injury patterns and mechanisms. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). October 21-24, 1980; Wolfsburg, Germany.755-768.

1980

Jones IS, Jennings PW. Development and evaluation of the CRASH 2 program for use under European conditions. In: Proceedings of the 1980 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 9-11, 1980; Birmingham, England.318-331.

1982

Jones IS, Shaibani SJ. A comparison of injury severity and crash severity distributions and their application to standards for occupant protection. In: Proceedings of the 1982 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 8-10, 1982; Cologne, Germany.1-16.

1976

Wall J, Lowne RW, Harris J. The determination of tolerable loadings for car occupants in impact. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). October 12-15, 1976; Washington, D.C.758-766.

Year	Entry
2004	Peden M, Scurfield R, Sleet D, Mohan D, Hyder AA, Jarawan E, Mathers C, eds. World Report on Road Traffic Injury Prevention. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2004.
1985	Petty SPF, Fenn MA. A modified steering wheel to reduce facial injuries and an associated test procedure. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). July 1-4, 1985; Oxford, England.342-347. SAE 856052.
1985	Ashton SJ, Mackay GM, Thomas PD, Galer MD, Harms P. The effects of mandatory seatbelt use in Great Britain. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). July 1-4, 1985; Oxford, England.567-584. SAE 856077.
1987	Harms PL, Renouf M, Thomas PD, Bradford M. Injuries to restrained car occupants: what are the outstanding problems? In: Proceedings of the 11th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). May 12-15, 1987; Washington, DC.183-201.
1986	Bradford MA, Otubushin A, Thomas P, Robertson NKB, Green PD. Head and face injuries to car occupants in accidents: field data 1983-1985. In: Proceedings of the 1986 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 2-4, 1986; Zurich, Switzerland.85-103.
2010	Masson C, Baqué P, Brunet C. Biomechanical response of impacted bony pelvis: influence of the morphometry and bone density. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Eng. 2010;13(5):641-646.

Year

Entry

2004

Peden M, Scurfield R, Sleet D, Mohan D, Hyder AA, Jarawan E, Mathers C, eds. World Report on Road Traffic Injury Prevention. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2004.

1985

Petty SPF, Fenn MA. A modified steering wheel to reduce facial injuries and an associated test procedure. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). July 1-4, 1985; Oxford, England.342-347. SAE 856052.

1985

Ashton SJ, Mackay GM, Thomas PD, Galer MD, Harms P. The effects of mandatory seatbelt use in Great Britain. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). July 1-4, 1985; Oxford, England.567-584. SAE 856077.

1987

Harms PL, Renouf M, Thomas PD, Bradford M. Injuries to restrained car occupants: what are the outstanding problems? In: Proceedings of the 11th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). May 12-15, 1987; Washington, DC.183-201.

1986

Bradford MA, Otubushin A, Thomas P, Robertson NKB, Green PD. Head and face injuries to car occupants in accidents: field data 1983-1985. In: Proceedings of the 1986 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 2-4, 1986; Zurich, Switzerland.85-103.

2010

Masson C, Baqué P, Brunet C. Biomechanical response of impacted bony pelvis: influence of the morphometry and bone density. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Eng. 2010;13(5):641-646.