Statistically and biomechanically based criterion for impact-induced skull fracture

wbldb

Vander Vorst, Michael¹; Stuhmiller, James¹; Ho, Kevin¹; Yoganandan, Narayan²; Pintar, Frank²

Statistically and biomechanically based criterion for impact-induced skull fracture

47th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM)

Affiliations

¹Jaycor, Inc.

²Medical College of Wisconsin
Abstract

This work developed a skull fracture criterion for impact-induced head injury, using post mortem human subject tests, anatomical test device measurements, statistical analyses, and finite element modeling. It is shown that skull fracture correlates with the tensile strain in the outer table of the cranial bone, and an index termed the Skull Fracture Correlate (SFC) predicts injury. SFC offers several advantages as a protection criterion. It accounts for compliance of the impact site; it is extensible to varying head mass; and it is easily implemented using current software. For a 15% or less probability of skull fracture the criterion is SFC < 120 g, with a 95% confidence band of 88 < SFC < 135 g.

Cited Works (14)

Year	Entry
1989	Yoganandan N, Ray G, Pintar FA, Myklebust JB, Sances A Jr. Stiffness and strain energy criteria to evaluate the threshold of injury to an intervertebral joint. J Biomech. 1989;22(2):135-142.
2000	Eppinger RH, Takhounts EG. On the development of survival criteria for rate sensitive materials. Stapp Car Crash J. 2000;44:51-57. SAE 2000-01-SC04.
1995	Instrumentation for impact test, I: electronic instrumentation. Society for Automotive Engineers International; March 1995. SAE J211-1.
2000	Newman JA, Shewchenko N, Welbourne E. A proposed new biomechanical head injury assessment function: the maximum power index. Stapp Car Crash J. 2000;44:215-247. SAE 2000-01-SC16.
1991	Meaney DF. Biomechanics of Acute Subdural Hematoma in the Subhuman Primate and Man [PhD thesis]. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania; 1991.
1971	Wood JL. Dynamic response of human cranial bone. J Biomech. January 1971;4(1):1-12.
1994	Bandak FA, Eppinger RH. A three-dimensional finite element analysis of the human brain under combined rotational and translational accelerations. In: Proceedings of the 38th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 31–November 2, 1994; Fort Lauderdale, FL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:145-163. SAE 942215.
1995	Bandak FA, Vander Vorst MJ, Stuhmiller LM, Mlakar PF, Chilton WE, Stuhmiller JH. An imaging-based computational and experimental study of skull fracture: finite element model development. J Neurotrauma. August 1995;12(4):679-688.
1965	Patrick LM, Lissner HR, Gurdjian ES. Survival by design: head protection. In: Severy DM, ed. Proceedings of the 7th Stapp Car Crash and Field Demonstration Conference. 1963; University of California at Los Angeles. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 1965:483-499.
2001	Kleiven S, von Holst H. Consequences of brain size following impact in prediction of subdural hematoma evaluated with numerical techniques. In: Proceedings of the 2001 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. October 10-12, 2001; Isle of Man, UK.
2001	Zhang L, Yang KH, Dwarampudi R, Omori K, Li T, Chang K, Hardy WN, Khalil TB, King AI. Recent advances in brain injury research: a new human head model development and validation. Stapp Car Crash J. 2001;45:369-394. SAE 2001-22-0017.
1989	Hosmer DW Jr, Lemeshow S. Applied Logistic Regression. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons; 1989.
1977	Khalil TB, Hubbard RP. Parametric study of head response by finite element modeling. J Biomech. 1977;10(2):119-132.
1973	Hodgson VR, Thomas LM. Breaking Strength of the Human Skull Vs Impact Surface Curvature. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; November 1973. NHTSA Technical Report DOT HS-801 002.

Cited By (16)

Year	Entry
2015	Bass CR, Yoganandan N. Skull and facial bone injury biomechanics. In: Yoganandan N, Nahum AM, Melvin JW, eds. Accidental Injury: Biomechanics and Prevention. 3rd ed. New York: Springer; 2015:203-220.
2004	Vander Vorst M, Chan P, Zhang J, Yoganandan N, Pintar F. A new biomechanically-based criterion for lateral skull fracture. In: 48th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). September 13-15, 2004; Key Biscayne, FL.181-195.
2007	Chan P, Lu Z, Rigby P, Takhounts E, Zhang J, Yoganandan N, Pintar F. Development of a generalized linear skull fracture criterion. In: Proceedings of the 20th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 18-21, 2007; Lyon, France.
2011	Rigby P, Juhas B, Wong J, Chan P. Evaluation of biofidelity of ECE regulation no. 22 injury criteria. In: Proceedings of the 22nd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 13-16, 2011; Washington, DC.
2005	Vander Vorst MJ, Chan PC. Biofidelity of motorcycle helmet criteria. In: Proceedings of the 33rd International Workshop on Human Subjects for Biomechanical Research. 2005.11-25.
2006	Rigby PH, Chan PC, Lu Z. Measurement of under-helmet force distribution on FMVSS 218 headform. In: Proceedings of the 34th International Workshop on Human Subjects for Biomechanical Research. 2006.25-40.
2007	Rigby PH, Chan PC, Zi L. Evaluation of the biofidelity of FMVSS No. 218 injury criteria. In: Proceedings of the 35th International Workshop on Human Subjects for Biomechanical Research. 2007.57-70.
2015	Klug C, Feist F, Tomasch E. Testing of bicycle helmets for preadolescents. In: Proceedings of the 2015 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 9-11, 2015; Lyon, France.136-155.
2009	Fijalkowski RJ, Yoganandan N, Zhang J, Pintar FA. A finite element model of region-specific response for mild diffuse brain injury. Stapp Car Crash J. 2009;53:193-213. SAE 2009-22-0007.
2011	Somers JT, Granderson B, Melvin JW, Tabiei A, Lawrence C, Feiveson A, Gernhardt M, Ploutz-Snyder R, Patalak J. Development of head injury assessment reference values based on NASA injury modeling. Stapp Car Crash J. 2011;55:49-97.
2004	Yoganandan N, Pintar FA. Biomechanics of temporo-parietal skull fracture. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). March 2004;19(3):225-239.
2008	Deck C, Willinger R. Improved head injury criteria based on head FE model. Int J Crashworthiness. December 2008;13(6):667-678.
2023	Baker C. AutoTriage: A Feasibility Assessment of Using in-Vehicle Sensors to Predict Traumatic Brain Injury in Road Traffic Collisions [PhD thesis]. Imperial College London; March 23, 2023.
2023	Juste Lorente Ó. Guidelines for Improving Motorcycle Helmet Testing Standards [PhD thesis]. Universidad de Zaragoza; February 2023.
2008	Raymond DE. Biomechanics of Blunt Ballistic Temporo-Parietal Head Impact [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; August 2008.
2021	Weng Y. Investigation of Small Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (sRPAS) to Human Head Impact [Master's thesis]. University of Western Ontario; 2021.