A significant increase in air traffic is to be predicted for the next few years. The problem of air quality near the ground around airports and cities arises. The wake of an airplane strongly transports effluents from its engines to the ground during the approach phase. During this phase, pilots use high-lift devices such as flaps to obtain optimal control of the aircraft. The creation of a multipole system of contrarotating vortices has been observed in the wake of aircraft in high-lift configurations. This system consists of a counter-rotating pair of primary vortices (counterclockwise to each other) from the wingtips and a counter-rotating pair of secondary vortices of lower strength and size from the internal edge high-lift flaps. The present study is part of an academic framework contributing to a better understanding of the mixing and dispersion processes of a passive scalar involved in the wake dynamics resulting from this type of configuration. The vortex dynamics is modeled by direct numerical simulation (DNS) by solving the Navier-Stokes (N-S) equations in the code FLUDILES developed within ONERA. The large scales of the wake studied require the use of temporal simulations. The temporal simulations performed model several configurations of two pairs of contrarotating vortices out of ground effect where the secondary vortices orbit around the primary vortices in each half-plane of the aircraft and induce a downward speed. The different configurations were characterized according to the ratio of the circulations and the ratio of the distances of the secondary and primary vortices (representative of high-lift flaps of various nature, placed at different places on the wings).The numerical results highlight the formation of a bending mode instability in the secondary vortices and an elliptical mode instability in the main vortices. It is observed that the majority of the mixture of the scalar with the external domain is carried out during the two-dimensional dynamics of the flow (the secondary vortices orbit around the primaries). It is then observed that the more or less intense amplification of the instability of the bending mode on the secondary vortices will modify the end-of-mixing processes of the passive scalar according to the configurations. The different configurations studied have highlighted two trends of swirling dynamics and thus dispersion of emissions. These trends are discussed with respect to air quality issues around airport areas and highlight that different strategies for dispersing and homogenizing engine emissions are possible at the local level.
Keywords:
Vortex dynamics, instabilities, mixing, dispersion, CFD, DNS