A Stochastic Simulation Model of the Muscles of the Trunk During Lifting

Year	Entry
1986	Miller JAA, Schultz AB, Warwick DN, Spencer DL. Mechanical properties of lumbar spine motion segments under large loads. J Biomech. 1986;19(1):79-84.
1978	Hardt DE. Determining muscle forces in the leg during normal human walking: an application and evaluation of optimization methods. J Biomech Eng. May 1978;100(2):72-78.
1970	Farfan HF, Cossette JW, Robertson GH, Wells RV, Kraus H. The effects of torsion on the lumbar intervertebral joints: the role of torsion in the production of disc degeneration. J Bone Joint Surg. April 1970;52A(3):468-497.
1979	Berkson MH, Nachemson A, Schultz AB. Mechanical properties of human lumbar spine motion segments, II: responses in compression and shear; influence of gross morphology. J Biomech Eng. February 1979;101(1):53-57.
1982	Schultz AB, Andersson GBJ, Haderspeck K, Örtengren R, Nordin M, Björk R. Analysis and measurement of lumbar trunk loads in tasks involving bends and twists. J Biomech. 1982;15(9):669-675.
1979	Schultz AB, Warwick DN, Berkson MH, Nachemson AL. Mechanical properties of human lumbar spine motion segments, I: responses in flexion, extension, lateral bending, and torsion. J Biomech Eng. February 1979;101(1):46-52.
1984	An KN, Kwak BM, Chao EY, Morrey BF. Determination of muscle and joint forces: a new technique to solve the indeterminate problem. J Biomech Eng. November 1984;106(4):364-367.
1981	Schultz AB, Andersson GBJ. Analysis of loads on the lumbar spine. Spine. January–February 1981;6(1):76-82.
1969	Chaffin DB. A computerized biomechanical model: development of and use in studying gross body actions. J Biomech. October 1969;2(4):429-441.
1989	Bergmark A. Stability of the lumbar spine: a study in mechanical engineering. Acta Orthop Scand. 1989;60(suppl 230):1-54.
1984	Shirazi-Adl SA, Shrivastava SC, Ahmed A. Stress analysis of the lumbar disc-body unit in compression: a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element study. Spine. March 1984;9(2):120-134.
1976	Hatze H. The complete optimization of a human motion. Math Biosci. 1976;28(1-2):99-135.
1986	McGill SM, Norman RW. Partitioning of the L4-L5 dynamic moment into disc, ligamentous, and muscular components during lifting. Spine. September 1986;11(7):666-678.
1975	Seireg A, Arvikar RJ. The prediction of muscular load sharing and joint forces in the lower extremities during walking. J Biomech. March 1975;8(2):89-102.
1988	Bean JC, Chaffin DB, Schultz AB. Biomechanical model calculation of muscle contraction forces: a double linear programming method. J Biomech. 1988;21(1):59-66.
1978	Crowninshield RD. Use of optimization techniques to predict muscle forces. J Biomech Eng. May 1978;100(2):88-92.
1973	Seireg A, Arvikar RJ. A mathematical model for evaluation of forces in lower extremeties of the musculo-skeletal system. J Biomech. May 1973;6(3):313-326.
1992	McGill SM. A myoelectrically based dynamic three-dimensional model to predict loads on lumbar spine tissues during lateral bending. J Biomech. April 1992;25(4):395-414.
1991	McGill SM. Electromyographic activity of the abdominal and low back musculature during the generation of isometric and dynamic axial trunk torque: implications for lumbar mechanics. J Orthop Res. January 1991;9(1):91-103.
1976	Yeo BP. Investigations concerning the principle of minimal total muscular force. J Biomech. 1976;9(6):413-416.