Personal protective equipment (PPE) is worn to prevent penetrating injuries; however, this type of insult can result in high-rate non-penetrating blunt injuries (NPBI). Fatal injuries have been observed in PPE that meet the current safety standard. This paper presents the development of an ovine thorax finite element model (FEOTM) for use as a pretest prediction tool in early-stage evaluation of the NPBI environment. The model advances upon prior ovine models in the literature through more biofidelic modelling practices in the ribs and spine. The FE-OTM was developed from CT scans of a male 30-35 kg Katahdin sheep taken 20s post contrast. The model was simulated in 20 robustness simulations covering three impact angles (perpendicular to spine and ribs and oblique to ribs), representing the NPBI environment, all successfully terminated. The force response was in the same range of peak NPBI forces from literature. The output metrics of force, energy, impulse, and strain were analysed. Impact severity increased with impactor depth, speed, and for the normal to spine impact angle. First and 3rd principal strain were on the same order of magnitude. The applied injury criterions from literature for pulmonary contusion made a significant difference on predicted injury volume.
Keywords:
Back face deformation; finite element model development; high-rate non-penetrating blunt trauma; injury prevention and mitigation, ovine