The energy expenditure of normal and pathologic gait

Waters, Robert L.; Mulroy, Sara

Affiliations

¹Rancho Los Amigos Medical Center, 7601 E. Imperial Highway, Downey, CA 90242, USA

Abstract and keywords

Physiological energy expenditure measurement has proven to be a reliable method of quantitatively assessing the penalties imposed by gait disability. The purpose of this review is to outline the basic principles of exercise physiology relevant to human locomotion; detail the energy expenditure of normal walking; and summarize the results of energy expenditure studies performed in patients with specific neurologic and orthopedic disabilities. The magnitude of the disabilities and the patients’ capacity to tolerate the increased energy requirements are compared. This paper also will examine the effectiveness of rehabilitation interventions at mitigating the energetic penalties of disability during ambulation.

Keywords: Age; Metabolism

Links

DOI: 10.1016/S0966-6362(99)00009-0

PubMed: 10575082

WoS: 000081853200008

History

Received: 1998-12-15

Revised: 1999-03-26

Accepted: 1999-03-26

Cited Works (1)

Year	Entry
1992	Perry J. Gait Analysis: Normal and Pathological Function. Thorofare, NJ: SLACK Incorporated; 1992.

Cited By (37)

Year	Entry
2016	Walcher MG, du Sart R. Biomechanical principles of foot and ankle. In: Valderrabano V, Easley M, eds. Foot and Ankle Sports Orthopaedics. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing; 2016:25-34.
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2008	Hicks JL, Schwartz MH, Arnold AS, Delp SL. Crouched postures reduce the capacity of muscles to extend the hip and knee during the single-limb stance phase of gait. J Biomech. 2008;41(5):960-967.
2010	Steele KM, Seth A, Hicks JL, Schwartz MS, Delp SL. Muscle contributions to support and progression during single-limb stance in crouch gait. J Biomech. August 10, 2010;43(11):2099-2105.
2022	Moore LK, Lee CS, Agha O, Liu M, Zhang H, Dang ABC, Dang A, Liu X, Feeley BT. A novel mouse model of hindlimb joint contracture with 3D-printed casts. J Orthop Res. December 2022;40(12):2865-2872.
2023	Huang C-H, Aydemir B, Foucher KC. Sagittal plane ankle kinetics are associated with dynamic hip range of motion and gait efficiency in women with hip osteoarthritis. J Orthop Res. March 2023;41(3):555-561.
2015	Caputo JM. Informing Ankle-Foot Prosthesis Design and Prescription Through Systematic Experimentation With a Tethered Robotic Prosthesis [PhD thesis]. Carnegie Mellon University; May 2015.
2015	Kim M. Ankle Controller Design for Robotic Ankle-Foot Prostheses to Reduce Balance-Related Effort During Walking Using a Dynamic Walking Approach [PhD thesis]. Carnegie Mellon University; December 2015.
2015	Hovorka CF. Influencing Motor Behavior Through Constraint of Lower Limb Movement [PhD thesis]. Atlanta, GA: Georgia Institute of Technology; May 2015.
2011	Shorter KA. The Design and Control of Active Ankle-Foot Orthoses [PhD thesis]. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; 2011.
2016	Boes MK. Evaluation of a Pneumatic Ankle-Foot Orthosis: Portability and Functionality [PhD thesis]. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; 2016.
2016	Gauvin A. Do Portable Anti-Fatigue Mats Affect the Mechanics or Discomfort of Walking [Master's thesis]. Sudbury, ON: Laurentian University; 2016.
2011	Eltoukhy MA. Implementation and Validation of a Detailed 3D Inverse Dynamics Lower Extremity Model for Gait Analysis Applications Based on Optimization Technique [PhD thesis]. University of Miami; May 2011.
2016	Pickle NT. Dynamic Balance and Muscle Function in Individuals With and Without Unilateral Transtibial Amputation During Sloped Walking [PhD thesis]. Colorado School of Mines; 2016.
2021	McCain EM. Understanding the Neuromechanics and Energetics of Clinical Gait Using Joint Restrictions to Impose Asymmetric Stepping [PhD thesis]. North Carolina State University; 2021.
2014	Celik H. Predictive Gait Simulations for Investigation of Musculoskeletal Structure and Locomotor Function [PhD thesis]. State College, PA: Pennsylvania State University; August 2014.
2014	Esau GDJ. Analysis and Design of Bearing Systems in Controlled Passive Energy Management (CPEM) Prosthetic Feet [Master's thesis]. Queen's University; September 2014.
2021	Vega M. Development and Applications of Neuromusculoskeletal Modeling Software for Personalized Treatment Design [PhD thesis]. Houston, TX: Rice University; 2021.
2020	Simha SN. Principles of Energy Optimization Underlying Human Walking Gait Adaptations [PhD thesis]. Simon Fraser University; 2020.
2005	Fisher DS. Methods to Systematically Change the Patterns of Gait Associated With Osteoarthritis At the Knee [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; July 2005.
2010	Hicks JL. Biomechanical Guidelines for the Treatment of Crouch Gait in Children With Cerebral Palsy [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; November 2010.
2012	Steele KM. The Dynamics of Crouch Gait in Cerebral Palsy [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; July 2012.
2015	DeMers MS. Computer Modeling of Muscle Coordination Strategies That Decrease Joint Loads [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; December 2015.
2022	Bianco NA. Simulating Exoskeletons to Assist Walking: Tools and Applications [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; December 2022.
2022	Nguyen TM. Assisting Walking in Individuals With Chronic Stroke Using Exoskeletons [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; June 2022.
2019	Ham T. Covalent Growth Factor Tethering to Guide Neural Stem Cell Behavior [PhD thesis]. University of Akron; May 2019.
2017	Jacobs BY. Pathologic Gait in Osteoarthritis Models: Characterization and Treatment [PhD thesis]. University of Florida; December 2017.
2021	Huang C-H. The Influence of Hip OA Associated Gait Impairments on Efficiency of Gait and a Possible Rehabilitation [PhD thesis]. University of Illinois at Chicago; 2021.
2008	Adamczyk PG. The Influence of Center of Mass Velocity Redirection on Mechanical and Metabolic Perfomance During Walking [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 2008.
2008	Collins SH. Dynamic Walking Principles Applied to Human Gait [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 2008.
2017	Ries AJ. Evaluating and Improving the Efficacy of Ankle Foot Orthoses for Children With Cerebral Palsy [PhD thesis]. University of Minnesota; January 2017.
2007	Seth A. A Neuromusculoskeletal Tracking Method for Estimating Muscle Forces in Human Gait from Experimental Movement Data [PhD thesis]. University of Texas at Austin; May 2007.
2016	Shell CE. Tuning Prosthetic Foot Stiffness to Improve Lower-Limb Amputee Mobility [PhD thesis]. University of Texas at Austin; May 2016.
2021	Rosenberg MC. Modeling and Predicting Response to Ankle Exoskeletons [PhD thesis]. University of Washington; 2021.
2022	Spomer AM. Evaluating Multimodal Biofeedback to Target and Improve Motor Control in Cerebral Palsy [PhD thesis]. University of Washington; 2022.
2023	Zaino NL. Walking and Rolling: Evaluating Technology to Support Multimodal Mobility for Individuals With Disabilities [PhD thesis]. University of Washington; 2023.
2015	Lenhart RL. Influence of Surgery on Musculoskeletal Mechanics in Children With Crouch Gait [PhD thesis]. University of Wisconsin – Madison; 2015.