The head and helmet frictional interface can affect the head’s impact response. However, headforms have known limitations to their biofidelity, including their friction characteristics. This study quantified friction coefficients for the EN960, Hybrid III, and NOCSAE headforms across multiple materials using a specially designed tribometer. We also compared friction coefficients between new and used samples of each headform and measured the effect of friction-reducing skull caps. The static friction coefficients for each headform against highdensity foam were 0.29 ± 0.01 for the EN960, 0.97 ± 0.17 for the Hybrid III, and 1.16 ± 0.06 for the NOCSAE and the static friction coefficients against a helmet lining material were 0.48 ± 0.04 for the EN960, 0.83 ± 0.03 for the Hybrid III, and 0.99 ± 0.10 for the NOCSAE [mean ± standard deviation (SD)]. The headforms with COFs closest to that of a human were the EN960 0.29 ± 0.01, NOCSAE with a skull cap 0.29 ± 0.02, and Hybrid III with a skull cap 0.29 ± 0.02. These findings highlight the differences in friction between headforms and that of the human head, allowing for a basis of understanding that can lead to the development of more biofidelic headforms and helmet testing standards.
Keywords:
headform; friction; helmets