Developing a Field Test to Predict Knee Valgus During Landing from a Jump

This dissertation investigated the ability to predict knee valgus experienced during landing from a jump to knee valgus observed during a squat or the countermovement during the takeoff phase prior to a jump. In addition, the effect of hip internal and external rotator strength was also investigated. In Study 1, hip external rotator strength at 30° hip flexion and knee valgus during squatting explained 64% of the variance suggesting a good first step in developing a field test that can be used as a screening tool prior to sports participation. In Study 2, difference in landing mechanics following a squatting and running protocol were compared to the changes following participation in a basketball game. Changes in knee kinesthetic sense and landing mechanics following the running protocol were more similar to those following game participation suggesting the running protocol is a better simulator for athletic performance and thus was used the running fatiguing protocol during study 3. In Study 3, the ability to predict knee valgus following landing from squatting was confirmed in fatigued and non-fatigued conditions as up to 63% and 78% was explained in both conditions, respectively. However unlike Study 1, hip internal and external rotator muscles were not good predictors of knee valgus. Disagreement between the results may be related to participants being restricted to certain landing space in Study 3 whereas they were able to land freely in Study 1. However, it is clear that knee valgus during squatting can be used to estimate the quantity of knee valgus that would be experienced during landing.

Year	Entry
2001	Lyman S, Fleisig GS, Waterbor JW, Funkhouser EM, Pulley L, Andrews JR, Osinski ED, Roseman JM. Longitudinal study of elbow and shoulder pain in youth baseball pitchers. Med Sci Sports Exer. November 2001;33(11):1803-1810.
2002	Wu G, Siegler S, Allard P, Kirtley C, Leardini A, Rosenbaum D, Whittle M, D'Lima DD, Cristofolini L, Witte H, Schmid O, Stokes I. ISB recommendation on definitions of joint coordinate system of various joints for the reporting of human joint motion, I: ankle, hip, and spine. J Biomech. 2002;35(4):543-548.
1982	Zelisko JA, Noble HB, Porter M. A comparison of men's and women's professional basketball injuries. Am J Sports Med. September–October 1982;10(5):297-299.
2006	Cappellini G, Ivanenko YP, Poppele RE, Lacquaniti F. Motor patterns in human walking and running. J Neurophysiol. June 2006;95(6):3426-3437.
2001	Malinzak RA, Colby SM, Kirkendall DT, Yu B, Garrett WE. A comparison of knee joint motion patterns between men and women in selected athletic tasks. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). June 2001;16(5):438-445.
1996	Hewett TE, Stroupe AL, Nance TA, Noyes FR. Plyometric training in female athletes: decreased impact forces and increased hamstring torques. Am J Sports Med. November–December 1996;24(6):765-773.
1983	Grood ES, Suntay WJ. A joint coordinate system for the clinical description of three-dimensional motions: application to the knee. J Biomech Eng. May 1983;105(2):136-144.
2005	Hewett TE, Myer GD. Reducing knee and anterior cruciate ligament injuries among female athletes: a systematic review of neuromuscular training interventions. J Knee Surg. January 2005;18(1):82-88.
2006	Hewett TE, Myer GD, Ford KR. Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female athletes, I: mechanisms and risk factors. Am J Sports Med. February 2006;34(2):299-311.
1995	Arendt E, Dick R. Knee injury patterns among men and women in collegiate basketball and soccer: NCAA data and review of literature. Am J Sports Med. December 1995;23(6):694-701.
2002	Chappell JD, Yu B, Kirkendall DT, Garrett WE. A comparison of knee kinetics between male and female recreational athletes in stop-jump tasks. Am J Sports Med. March–April 2002;30(2):261-267.
2007	Hootman JM, Dick R, Agel J. Epidemiology of collegiate injuries for 15 sports: summary and recommendations for injury prevention initiatives. J Athl Train. April–June 2007;42(2):311-319.
2007	McLean SG, Felin RE, Suedekum N, Calabrese G, Passerallo A, Joy S. Impact of fatigue on gender-based high-risk landing strategies. Med Sci Sports Exer. March 2007;39(3):502-514.
2006	Chandrashekar N, Mansouri H, Slauterbeck J, Hashemi J. Sex-based differences in the tensile properties of the human anterior cruciate ligament. J Biomech. 2006;39(16):2943-2950.

Year

Entry

2001

Lyman S, Fleisig GS, Waterbor JW, Funkhouser EM, Pulley L, Andrews JR, Osinski ED, Roseman JM. Longitudinal study of elbow and shoulder pain in youth baseball pitchers. Med Sci Sports Exer. November 2001;33(11):1803-1810.

2002

Wu G, Siegler S, Allard P, Kirtley C, Leardini A, Rosenbaum D, Whittle M, D'Lima DD, Cristofolini L, Witte H, Schmid O, Stokes I. ISB recommendation on definitions of joint coordinate system of various joints for the reporting of human joint motion, I: ankle, hip, and spine. J Biomech. 2002;35(4):543-548.

1982

Zelisko JA, Noble HB, Porter M. A comparison of men's and women's professional basketball injuries. Am J Sports Med. September–October 1982;10(5):297-299.

2006

Cappellini G, Ivanenko YP, Poppele RE, Lacquaniti F. Motor patterns in human walking and running. J Neurophysiol. June 2006;95(6):3426-3437.

2001

Malinzak RA, Colby SM, Kirkendall DT, Yu B, Garrett WE. A comparison of knee joint motion patterns between men and women in selected athletic tasks. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). June 2001;16(5):438-445.