Effects of Brain Gyrification on Impact-Induced Strain Measurements With a Preliminary Study on Viable Ex Vivo Porcine Brain

Traumatic brain injuries can be devastating. In post-mortem brains, injury accumulation has been found at surface depressions; a feature in brains with gyrification. A study into the importance of brain gyrification on impact-induced strain measurements was undertaken. Two surrogates, lacking and possessing gyrification, were impacted at multiple heights and orientations. Radiopaque speckle sheets within the surrogates were used to visualize motion at 7,500 fps via highspeed X-ray radiography. Strain responses between select markers were determined using digital image correlation and particle tracking. The surrogate with gyrification mostly displayed larger strain magnitudes and variations in response patterns compared to the smooth surrogate. Differences in gyrification may contribute to the damage incurred, where models representing human level gyrification may reveal unknown injury information. Additionally, a preliminary study was conducted on ex vivo porcine brain. Large strain values and variations in responses were observed, a trend experienced by the surrogate with gyrification.

Year	Entry
1994	Marmarou A, Foda MAA-E, van den Brink W, Campbell J, Kita H, Demetriadou K. A new model of diffuse brain injury in rats, I: pathophysiology and biomechanics. J Neurosurg. February 1994;80(2):291-300.
2000	Smith DH, Meaney DF. Axonal damage in traumatic brain injury. Neuroscientist. December 2000;6(6):483-495.
2012	Schindelin J, Arganda-Carreras I, Frise E, Kaynig V, Longair M, Pietzsch T, Preibisch S, Rueden C, Saalfeld S, Schmid B, Tinevez J-Y, White DJ, Hartenstein V, Eliceiri K, Tomancak P, Cardona A. Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis. Nat Methods. June 28, 2012;9(7):676-682.
2007	Hardy WN, Mason MJ, Foster CD, Shah CS, Kopacz JM, Yang KH, King AI, Bishop J, Bey M, Anderst W, Tashman S. A study of the response of the human cadaver head to impact. Stapp Car Crash J. 2007;51:17-80. SAE 2007-22-0002.
2005	LaPlaca MC, Cullen DK, McLoughlin JJ, Cargill RS II. High rate shear strain of three-dimensional neural cell cultures: a new in vitro traumatic brain injury model. J Biomech. May 2005;38(5):1093-1105.
1982	Gennarelli TA, Thibault LE, Adams JH, Graham DI, Thompson CJ, Marcincin RP. Diffuse axonal injury and traumatic coma in the primate. Ann Neurol. 1982;12(6):564-574.
2001	Hardy WN, Foster CD, Mason MJ, Yang KH, King AI, Tashman S. Investigation of head injury mechanisms using neutral density technology and high-speed biplanar x-ray. Stapp Car Crash J. 2001;45:337-368. SAE 2001-22-0016.
1974	Teasdale G, Jennett B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness: a practical scale. Lancet. July 13, 1974;2(7872):81-84.
2013	Mao H, Zhang L, Jiang B, Genthikatti VV, Jin X, Zhu F, Makwana R, Gill A, Jandir G, Singh A, Yang KH. Development of a finite element human head model partially validated with thirty five experimental cases. J Biomech Eng. November 2013;135(11):111002.
2012	Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW. NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nat Methods. July 2012;9(7):671-675.
2009	Pan B, Qian K, Xie H, Asundi A. Two-dimensional digital image correlation for in-plane displacement and strain measurement: a review. Meas Sci Technol. June 2009;20(6):062001.
2011	Meaney DF, Smith DH. Biomechanics of concussion. Clin Sports Med. January 2011;30(1):19-31.
2008	Takhounts EG, Ridella SA, Hasija V, Tannous RE, Campbell JQ, Malone D, Danelson K, Stitzel J, Rowson S, Duma S. Investigation of traumatic brain injuries using the next generation of Simulated Injury Monitor (SIMon) finite element head model. Stapp Car Crash J. 2008;52:1-31. SAE 2008-22-0001.
1987	Dixon CE, Lyeth BG, Povlishock JT, Findling RL, Hamm RJ, Marmarou A, Young HF, Hayes RL. A fluid percussion model of experimental brain injury in the rat. J Neurosurg. July 1987;67(1):110-119.
1990	Margulies SS, Thibault LE, Gennarelli TA. Physical model simulations of brain injury in the primate. J Biomech. 1990;23(8):823-836.
1992	Margulies SS, Thibault LE. A proposed tolerance criterion for diffuse axonal injury in man. J Biomech. August 1992;25(8):917-923.

Year

Entry

1994

Marmarou A, Foda MAA-E, van den Brink W, Campbell J, Kita H, Demetriadou K. A new model of diffuse brain injury in rats, I: pathophysiology and biomechanics. J Neurosurg. February 1994;80(2):291-300.

2000

Smith DH, Meaney DF. Axonal damage in traumatic brain injury. Neuroscientist. December 2000;6(6):483-495.

2012

Schindelin J, Arganda-Carreras I, Frise E, Kaynig V, Longair M, Pietzsch T, Preibisch S, Rueden C, Saalfeld S, Schmid B, Tinevez J-Y, White DJ, Hartenstein V, Eliceiri K, Tomancak P, Cardona A. Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis. Nat Methods. June 28, 2012;9(7):676-682.

2007

Hardy WN, Mason MJ, Foster CD, Shah CS, Kopacz JM, Yang KH, King AI, Bishop J, Bey M, Anderst W, Tashman S. A study of the response of the human cadaver head to impact. Stapp Car Crash J. 2007;51:17-80. SAE 2007-22-0002.

2005

LaPlaca MC, Cullen DK, McLoughlin JJ, Cargill RS II. High rate shear strain of three-dimensional neural cell cultures: a new in vitro traumatic brain injury model. J Biomech. May 2005;38(5):1093-1105.

1982

Gennarelli TA, Thibault LE, Adams JH, Graham DI, Thompson CJ, Marcincin RP. Diffuse axonal injury and traumatic coma in the primate. Ann Neurol. 1982;12(6):564-574.

2001

Hardy WN, Foster CD, Mason MJ, Yang KH, King AI, Tashman S. Investigation of head injury mechanisms using neutral density technology and high-speed biplanar x-ray. Stapp Car Crash J. 2001;45:337-368. SAE 2001-22-0016.

1974

Teasdale G, Jennett B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness: a practical scale. Lancet. July 13, 1974;2(7872):81-84.

2013

Mao H, Zhang L, Jiang B, Genthikatti VV, Jin X, Zhu F, Makwana R, Gill A, Jandir G, Singh A, Yang KH. Development of a finite element human head model partially validated with thirty five experimental cases. J Biomech Eng. November 2013;135(11):111002.

2012

Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW. NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nat Methods. July 2012;9(7):671-675.

2009

Pan B, Qian K, Xie H, Asundi A. Two-dimensional digital image correlation for in-plane displacement and strain measurement: a review. Meas Sci Technol. June 2009;20(6):062001.

2011

Meaney DF, Smith DH. Biomechanics of concussion. Clin Sports Med. January 2011;30(1):19-31.

2008

Takhounts EG, Ridella SA, Hasija V, Tannous RE, Campbell JQ, Malone D, Danelson K, Stitzel J, Rowson S, Duma S. Investigation of traumatic brain injuries using the next generation of Simulated Injury Monitor (SIMon) finite element head model. Stapp Car Crash J. 2008;52:1-31. SAE 2008-22-0001.

1987

Dixon CE, Lyeth BG, Povlishock JT, Findling RL, Hamm RJ, Marmarou A, Young HF, Hayes RL. A fluid percussion model of experimental brain injury in the rat. J Neurosurg. July 1987;67(1):110-119.

1990

Margulies SS, Thibault LE, Gennarelli TA. Physical model simulations of brain injury in the primate. J Biomech. 1990;23(8):823-836.

1992

Margulies SS, Thibault LE. A proposed tolerance criterion for diffuse axonal injury in man. J Biomech. August 1992;25(8):917-923.

Year	Entry
2020	Dutrisac S. A Study of the Impact Response of Discrete Regions of the Human Cadaver Brain [Master's thesis]. Carleton University; September 23, 2020.

Year

Entry

2020

Dutrisac S. A Study of the Impact Response of Discrete Regions of the Human Cadaver Brain [Master's thesis]. Carleton University; September 23, 2020.