Serum inorganic phosphate (Pi) levels are higher in children than in adults;​ however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, we herein attempted to elucidate the mechanisms altering Pi metabolism from youth to adulthood using 4-week-old (young) and 12-week-old (adult) mice. Despite higher serum Pi levels, serum fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) levels were lower in young mice, and the amount of FGF23 in bone tended to increase from youth to adulthood. Increases in serum FGF23 levels during growth were associated with the up- and down-regulation of the renal expression of Cyp24a1 encoding vitamin D-24-hydroxylase and Slc34a3 encoding the type IIc sodium/phosphate (Na+/Pi) co-transporter, respectively, suggesting an enhancement in the FGF23-mediated bone-kidney axis from youth to adulthood. We then isolated osteoblasts and osteocytes from young and adult mice and compared the expression of genes involved in Pi metabolism and/or mineralization. In contrast to the growth-related increase in Fgf23 expression, the expression of some genes, including the dentin matrix protein 1 (Dmp1) and phosphate-regulating gene with homologies to endopeptidases on the X chromosome (Phex) markedly decreased from youth to adulthood. The down-regulation of Dmp1 and Phex may contribute to growth-related increases in FGF23. The responses of isolated osteoblasts and osteocytes to high Pi levels also markedly differed between young and adult mice. Treatment of isolated osteocytes with high Pi increased the production of FGF23 in adult mice but not in young mice. These results indicate a close relationship between skeletal changes from youth to adulthood and an alteration in Pi metabolism, and provide insights into the mechanisms by which osteoblasts and osteocytes maintain Pi homeostasis.