Background:​ Anti-seizure medication (ASM) is necessary to manage epilepsy and often prescribed to children and adolescents, but can lead to iatrogenic effects, including bone fragility by altering bone metabolism. Disrupting bone metabolism during crucial developmental stages could have a lasting adverse effect on bone health. Therefore, the objective of this propensity score-matched, observational cohort study was to determine if age when initiating ASM therapy across developmental stages (from pre- to post-puberty) for individuals with epilepsy was associated with an increased risk of fragility fracture.

Methods:​ Data from 01/01/2011 to 12/31/2018 were extracted from Optum Clinformatics® Data Mart. Children aged 4–21 years at baseline with at least 5 years of continuous health plan enrollment were included to allow for a 1-year baseline and 4-years of follow-up. The primary group of interest included new ASM users (i.e., treatment naïve) with epilepsy. The comparison group, no ASM users without epilepsy, was matched 1:​14 to new ASM users with epilepsy for demographics and baseline fracture. To provide a proxy for developmental stages, age was categorized as 4–6 (pre-puberty), 7–10 (early puberty), 11–13 (mid-puberty), 14–17 (late puberty), and 18–21 (post-puberty). Crude incidence rate (IR;​ per 1000 person years) and IR ratio (IRR and 95% confidence intervals [CI]) were estimated for non-trauma fracture (NTFx) for up to 4-years of follow-up.

Results:​ Prior to stratifying by age group, the crude NTFx IR (95% CI) of 20.6 (16.5–24.8) for new ASM users with epilepsy (n = 1205) was 34% higher (IRR = 1.34;​ 95% CI = 1.09–1.66) than the crude NTFx IR (95% CI) of 15.4 (14.4–16.3) for no ASM users without epilepsy. The groups exhibited a different pattern of NTFx incidence with age, with new ASM users showing a more dramatic increase and peaking at 11–13 years, then decreasing with the older age groups. The crude IR and IRR were elevated for new ASM users with epilepsy compared to no ASM users without epilepsy for each age group (10% to 55% higher), but was only statistically significant for 11–13 years (IRR = 1.55;​ 95% CI = 1.02–2.36).

Conclusions:​ Children with epilepsy initiating ASM therapy may be vulnerable to fragility fracture, especially when initiating ASM around the time of puberty. Clinicians should be aware of this age-related association and consider age-appropriate adjunct bone fragility therapies.