Updated data on proximal femur bone mineral levels of US adults

Looker, A. C.; Wahner, H. W.; Dunn, W. L.; Calvo, M. S.; Harris, T. B.; Heyse, S. P.; Johnston, Jr, C. C.; Lindsay, R.

Year	Entry
2004	Etheridge BS, Beason DP, Eberhardt AW. Bone density and trochanteric tissue thickness affect fracture of the female pelvis in side impact experiments. In: Proceedings of the 32nd International Workshop on Human Subjects for Biomechanical Research. 2004.127-143.
2013	Svedbom A, Hernlund E, Ivergård M, Compston J, Cooper C, Stenmark J, McCloskey EV, Jönsson B, Kanis JA; EU review panel of the IOF. Osteoporosis in the European Union: a compendium of country-specific reports. Arch Osteoporos. December 2013;8(1):137.
2003	Delmas PD, Genant HK, Crans GG, Stock JL, Wong M, Siris E, Adachi JD. Severity of prevalent vertebral fractures and the risk of subsequent vertebral and nonvertebral fractures: results from the MORE trial. Bone. October 2003;33(4):522-532.
2004	Schuit SCE, van der Klift M, Weel AEAM, de Laet CEDH, Burger H, Seeman E, Hofman A, Uitterlinden AG, van Leeuwen JPTM, Pols HAP. Fracture incidence and association with bone mineral density in elderly men and women: the Rotterdam Study. Bone. January 2004;34(1):195-202.
2004	Akkus O, Adar F, Schaffler MB. Age-related changes in physicochemical properties of mineral crystals are related to impaired mechanical function of cortical bone. Bone. March 2004;34(4):443-453.
2008	Kanis JA, McCloskey EV, Johansson H, Oden A, Melton LJ III, Khaltaev N. A reference standard for the description of osteoporosis. Bone. March 2008;42(3):467-475.
2009	Kanis JA, Oden A, Johansson H, Borgström F, Ström O, McCloskey E. FRAX^® and its applications to clinical practice. Bone. May 2009;44(5):734-743.
2020	Nottez A, Kolta S, Lion G, Ternynck C, Legroux-Gérot I, Vantyghem M-C, Cortet B, Paccou J. Prevalence and causes of elevated bone mass. Bone. September 2020;138:115476.
2021	Schousboe JT, Lix LM, Morin SN, Leslie WD. Associations of clinically recognized vs unrecognized vertebral fracture with mortality. Bone. April 2021;145:115868.
2021	Mok CC, Ho LY, Leung SMT, Cheung HN, Chen SPL, Ma KM. Denosumab versus alendronate in long-term glucocorticoid users: a 12-month randomized controlled trial. Bone. May 2021;146:115902.
2022	Schousboe JT, Morin SN, Kline GA, Lix LM, Leslie WD. Differential risk of fracture attributable to type 2 diabetes mellitus according to skeletal site. Bone. January 2022;154:116220.
2020	de Bakker CMJ, Burt LA, Gabel L, Hanley DA, Boyd SK. Associations between breastfeeding history and early postmenopausal bone loss. Calcif Tiss Int. March 2020;106(3):264-273.
2020	Maupin KA, Dick D, Lee J, Williams BO. Loss of Lgals3 protects against gonadectomy-induced cortical bone loss in mice. Calcif Tiss Int. March 2020;106(3):283-293.
2011	Cawthon PM. Gender differences in osteoporosis and fractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res. August 2011;469:1900-1905.
2010	Manolagas SC. From estrogen-centric to aging and oxidative stress: a revised perspective of the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Endocr Rev. June 2010;31(3):266-300.
2001	Siris ES, Miller PD, Barrett-Connor E, Faulkner KG, Wehren LE, Abbott TA, Berger ML, Santora AC, Sherwood LM. Identification and fracture outcomes of undiagnosed low bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: results from the national osteoporosis risk assessment. JAMA. December 12, 2001;286(22):2815-2822.
2006	Black DM, Schwartz AV, Ensrud KE, Cauley JA, Levis S, Quandt SA, Satterfield S, Wallace RB, Bauer DC, Palermo L, Wehren LE, Lombardi A, Santora AC, Cummings SR; FLEX Research Group. Effects of continuing or stopping alendronate after 5 years of treatment: the fracture intervention trial long-term extension (FLEX): a randomized trial. JAMA. December 27, 2006;296(24):2927-2938.
2011	Schwartz AV, Vittinghoff E, Bauer DC, Hillier TA, Strotmeyer ES, Ensrud KE, Donaldson MG, Cauley JA, Harris TB, Koster A, Womack CR, Palermo L, Black DM; Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF); Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS); Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) Research Groups. Association of BMD and FRAX score with risk of fracture in older adults with type 2 diabetes. JAMA. June 1, 2011;305(21):2184-2192.
2000	Beck TJ, Looker AC, Ruff CB, Sievanen H, Wahner HW. Structural trends in the aging femoral neck and proximal shaft: analysis of the third national health and nutrition examination survey dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry data. J Bone Miner Res. December 2000;15(12):2297-2304.
2005	Nieves JW, Formica C, Ruffing J, Zion M, Garrett P, Lindsay R, Cosman F. Males have larger skeletal size and bone mass than females, despite comparable body size. J Bone Miner Res. March 2005;20(3):529-535.
2005	Watts NB, Geusens P, Barton IP, Felsenberg D. Relationship between changes in BMD and nonvertebral fracture incidence associated with risedronate: reduction in risk of nonvertebral fracture is not related to change in BMD. J Bone Miner Res. December 2005;20(12):2097-2104.
2010	Keaveny TM, Kopperdahl DL, Melton LJ III, Hoffmann PF, Amin S, Riggs BL, Khosla S. Age‐dependence of femoral strength in white women and men. J Bone Miner Res. May 2010;25(5):994-1001.
2012	Giangregorio LM, Leslie WD, Lix LM, Johansson H, Oden A, McCloskey E, Kanis JA. FRAX underestimates fracture risk in patients with diabetes. J Bone Miner Res. February 2012;27(2):301-308.
2014	Kopperdahl DL, Aspelund T, Hoffmann PF, Sigurdsson S, Siggeirsdottir K, Harris TB, Gudnason V, Keaveny TM. Assessment of incident spine and hip fractures in women and men using finite element analysis of CT scans. J Bone Miner Res. March 2014;29(3):570-580.
2016	McCloskey EV, Odén A, Harvey NC, Leslie WD, Hans D, Johansson H, Barkmann R, Boutroy S, Brown J, Chapurlat R, Elders PJM, Fujita Y, Glüer C-C, Goltzman D, Iki M, Karlsson M, Kindmark A, Kotowicz M, Kurumatani N, Kwok T, Lamy O, Leung J, Lippuner K, Ljunggren Ö, Lorentzon M, Mellström D, Merlijn T, Oei L, Ohlsson C, Pasco JA, Rivadeneira F, Rosengren B, Sornay-Rendu E, Szulc P, Tamaki J, Kanis JA. A meta-analysis of trabecular bone score in fracture risk prediction and its relationship to FRAX. J Bone Miner Res. May 2016;31(5):940-948.
2020	Waqas K, Chen J, Koromani F, Trajanoska K, van der Eerden BCJ, Uitterlinden AG, Rivadeneira F, Zillikens MC. Skin autofluorescence, a noninvasive biomarker for advanced glycation end‐products, is associated with prevalent vertebral and major osteoporotic fractures: the Rotterdam Study. J Bone Miner Res. October 2020;35(10):1904-1913.
2021	Harvey NC, Orwoll E, Kwok T, Karlsson MK, Rosengren BE, Ribom E, Cauley JA, Cawthon PM, Ensrud K, Liu E, Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Fielding RA, Cooper C, Kanis JA, Lorentzon M, Ohlsson C, Mellström D, Johansson H, McCloskey E. Sarcopenia definitions as predictors of fracture risk independent of FRAX®, falls, and BMD in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study: a meta-analysis. J Bone Miner Res. July 2021;36(7):1235-1244.
2022	Leslie WD, Morin SN, Lix LM, McCloskey EV, Johansson H, Harvey NC, Kanis JA. The effect of fracture recency on observed 10-year fracture probability: a registry-based cohort study. J Bone Miner Res. May 2022;37(5):848-855.
2022	Su Y, Yeung SSY, Chen Y-M, Leung JCS, Kwok TCY. The associations of dietary inflammatory potential with musculoskeletal health in Chinese community-dwelling older people: the Mr. OS and Ms. OS (Hong Kong) cohort study. J Bone Miner Res. June 2022;37(6):1179-1187.
2022	Leslie WD, Morin SN, Lix LM, McCloskey EV, Johansson H, Harvey NC, Kanis JA. Effect of discordant hip bone density on incident fracture risk: a registry-based cohort study. J Bone Miner Res. October 2022;37(10):2018-2024.
2023	Su Y-H, Chien K-L, Yang S-H, Chia W-T, Chen J-H, Chen Y-C. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with decreased bone mineral density in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Bone Miner Res. August 2023;38(8):1092-1103.
2023	Leslie WD; ASBMR Task Force on Clinical Algorithms for Fracture Risk. Effect of race/ethnicity on United States FRAX calculations and treatment qualification: a registry-based study. J Bone Miner Res. December 2023;38(12):1742-1748.
2005	Wainwright SA, Marshall LM, Ensrud KE, Cauley JA, Black DM, Hillier TA, Hochberg MC, Vogt MT, Orwoll ES; Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Hip fracture in women without osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. May 2005;90(5):2787-2793.
2011	Zemel BS, Kalkwarf HJ, Gilsanz V, Lappe JM, Oberfield S, Shepherd JA, Frederick MM, Huang X, Lu M, Mahboubi S, Hangartner T, Winer KK. Revised reference curves for bone mineral content and areal bone mineral density according to age and sex for black and non-black children: results of the bone mineral density in childhood study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. October 2011;96(10):3160-3169.
2020	Iori G, Peralta L, Reisinger A, Heyer F, Wyers C, van den Bergh J, Pahr D, Raum K. Femur strength predictions by nonlinear homogenized voxel finite element models reflect the microarchitecture of the femoral neck. Med Eng Phys. May 2020;79:60-66.
2007	Lyles KW, Colón-Emeric CS, Magaziner JS, Adachi JD, Pieper CF, Mautalen C, Hyldstrup L, Recknor C, Nordsletten L, Moore KA, Lavecchia C, Zhang J, Mesenbrink P, Hodgson PK, Abrams K, Orloff JJ, Horowitz Z, Eriksen EF, Boonen S; HORIZON Recurrent Fracture Trial. Zoledronic acid and clinical fractures and mortality after hip fracture. NEJM. November 1, 2007;357(18):1799-1809.
2000	Kanis JA, Glüer C-C; Committee of Scientific Advisors, International Osteoporosis Foundation. An update on the diagnosis and assessment of osteoporosis with densitometry. Osteoporos Int. March 2000;11(3):192-202.
2002	van Staa TP, Leufkens HGM, Cooper C. The epidemiology of corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. October 2002;13(10):777-787.
2005	Faulkner KG. The tale of the T-score: review and perspective. Osteoporos Int. April 2005;16(4):347-352.
2008	Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A, Johansson H, McCloskey E. FRAX™ and the assessment of fracture probability in men and women from the UK. Osteoporos Int. April 2008;19(4):385-397.
2008	Kanis JA, Burlet N, Cooper C, Delmas PD, Reginster J-Y, Borgstrom F, Rizzoli R; European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis (ESCEO). European guidance for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. April 2008;19(4):399-428.
2011	Kanis JA, Hans D, Cooper C, Baim S, Bilezikian JP, Binkley N, Cauley JA, Compston JE, Dawson-Hughes B, El-Hajj Fuleihan G, Johansson H, Leslie WD, Lewiecki EM, Luckey M, Oden A, Papapoulos SE, Poiana C, Rizzoli R, Wahl DA, McCloskey EV. Interpretation and use of FRAX in clinical practice. Osteoporos Int. September 2011;22(9):2395-2411.
2013	Kanis JA, McCloskey EV, Johansson H, Cooper C, Rizzoli R, Reginster J-Y; Scientific Advisory Board of the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis (ESCEO); Committee of Scientific Advisors of the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF). European guidance for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. January 2013;24(1):23-57.
2018	Harvey NC, Odén A, Orwoll E, Lapidus J, Kwok T, Karlsson MK, Rosengren BE, Ribom E, Cooper C, Cawthon PM, Kanis JA, Ohlsson C, Mellström D, Johansson H, McCloskey E. Measures of physical performance and muscle strength as predictors of fracture risk independent of FRAX, falls, and aBMD: a meta-analysis of the osteoporotic fractures in men (MrOS) study. J Bone Miner Res. December 2018;33(12):2150-2157.
2019	Kanis JA, Cooper C, Rizzoli R, Reginster J-Y; Scientific Advisory Board of the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis (ESCEO); Committees of Scientific Advisors and National Societies of the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF). European guidance for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. January 2019;30(1):3-44.
2020	Leslie WD, Schousboe JT, Morin SN, Martineau P, Lix LM, Johansson H, McCloskey EV, Harvey NC, Kanis JA. Fracture risk following high-trauma versus low-trauma fracture: a registry-based cohort study. Osteoporos Int. June 2020;31(6):1059-1067.
2020	Leslie WD, Schousboe JT, Morin SN, Martineau P, Lix LM, Johansson H, McCloskey EV, Harvey NC, Kanis JA. Measured height loss predicts incident clinical fractures independently from FRAX: a registry-based cohort study. Osteoporos Int. June 2020;31(6):1079-1087.
2020	Leslie WD, Morin SN, Lix LM, Binkley N. Targeted bone density testing for optimizing fracture prevention in Canada. Osteoporos Int. July 2020;31(7):1291-1297.
2020	Rampersad C, Whitlock RH, Leslie WD, Rigatto C, Komenda P, Bohm C, Hans D, Tangri N. Trabecular bone score in patients with chronic kidney disease. Osteoporos Int. October 2020;31(10):1905-1912.
2020	Yang J, Cosman F, Stone PW, Li M, Nieves JW. Vertebral fracture assessment (VFA) for osteoporosis screening in US postmenopausal women: is it cost-effective? Osteoporos Int. December 2020;31(12):2321-2335.
2021	Larsson BAM, Johansson L, Johansson H, Axelsson KF, Harvey N, Vandenput L, Magnusson P, McCloskey E, Liu E, Kanis JA, Sundh D, Lorentzon M. The timed up and go test predicts fracture risk in older women independently of clinical risk factors and bone mineral density. Osteoporos Int. January 2021;32(1):75-84.
2021	Leslie WD, Morin SN, Lix LM, McCloskey EV, Johansson H, Harvey NC, Kanis JA. Fracture prediction from FRAX for Canadian ethnic groups: a registry-based cohort study. Osteoporos Int. January 2021;32(1):113-122.
2021	Binkley N, Orwoll E, Chapurlat R, Langdahl BL, Scott BB, Giezek H, Santora AC. Randomized, controlled trial to assess the safety and efficacy of odanacatib in the treatment of men with osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. January 2021;32(1):173-184.
2007	Blake GM, Fogelman I. The role of DXA bone density scans in the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis. Postgrad Med J. August 2007;83(982):509-517.
2013	Wong AKO. A Tri-Modality Comparison of Volumetric Bone Measure Quantification Using 1.0 Tesla Peripheral Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography and Highresolution-Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography Images [PhD thesis]. Hamilton, ON: McMaster University; October 2013.
2007	Wagner EB. Musculoskeletal Adaptation to Partial Weight Suspension: Studies of Lunar and Mars Loading [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; September 2007.
2015	Spatz JM. The Role of Osteocytes in Disuse and Microgravity-Induces Bone Loss [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; September 2015.
2013	Morton JJ. An Investigation of Rat Vertebra Failure Behaviour Under Uniaxial Compression Through Time-Lapsed Micro-CT Imaging [Master's thesis]. Queen's University; 2013.
2018	Bachmann S. Age, Sex and Treatment Related Changes of Bone Mineral Density Based on Ct Data [Master's thesis]. Vienna University of Technology; October 2018.
2014	Nour MA. Impact of Growth Hormone on Adult Bone Quality in Turner Syndrome: A High Resolution Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography Study [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; January 2014.
2020	Michalski AS. A Quantitative Computed Tomography Approach Towards Opportunistic Osteoporosis Screening [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; March 2020.

Year	Entry
1997	Looker AC, Orwoll ES, Johnston CC Jr, Lindsay RL, Wahner HW, Dunn WL, Calvo MS, Harris TB, Heyse SP. Prevalence of low femoral bone density in older U.S. adults from NHANES III. J Bone Miner Res. November 1997;12(11):1761-1768.
1994	Kanis JA, Melton LJ III, Christiansen C, Johnston CC, Khaltaev N. The diagnosis of osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. August 1994;9(8):1137-1141.
1988	Melton LJ III, Kan SH, Wahner HW, Riggs BL. Lifetime fracture risk: an approach to hip fracture risk assessment based on bone mineral density and age. J Clin Epidemiol. 1988;41(10):985-994.