The Role of Vertical Roof Intrusion and Post-Crash October 2007 Headroom in Predicting Roof Contact Injuries to the Head, Neck, or Face During FMVSS No. 216 Rollovers: An Updated Analysis

The purpose of this report is to use the National Automotive Sampling System Crashworthiness Data System (NASS CDS) data for years 1997 through 2005 to determine whether there was a statistically significant relationship between the maximum severity of head, neck, and face injuries due to occupant roof contact that occurred in rollovers that were likely to be covered by Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 216 and either post-crash headroom or vertical roof intrusion. The report uses the ordered probit and binary probit models, both unadjusted and adjusted for potentially confounding factors, to establish the existence of statistically significant relationships. The report presents estimates of 24 different models, 12 for intrusion and 12 for headroom. In all 24 models, the relationship between injury severity and the explanatory variable (intrusion or headroom) was statistically significant.

Keywords: Post-crash headroom, vertical roof intrusion, rollover, quarter turns, roof crush, end-over-end, rollover severity, roof impact, roof-to-ground contact, roof-to-ground exposure, ordered probit

Year	Entry
1994	Digges KH, Malliaris AC, DeBlois HJ. Opportunities for casualty reduction in rollover crashes. In: Proceedings of the 14th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 23-26, 1994; Munich, Germany.863-868.
2003	Digges KH, Eigen AM. Crash attributes that influence the severity of rollover crashes. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 19-22, 2003; Nagoya, Japan.

Year

Entry

1994

Digges KH, Malliaris AC, DeBlois HJ. Opportunities for casualty reduction in rollover crashes. In: Proceedings of the 14th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 23-26, 1994; Munich, Germany.863-868.

2003

Digges KH, Eigen AM. Crash attributes that influence the severity of rollover crashes. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 19-22, 2003; Nagoya, Japan.

Year	Entry
2009	Friedman D, Grzebieta R. A proposed rollover and comprehensive rating system. In: Proceedings of the 21st International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 15-18, 2009; Stuttgart, Germany.
2009	Strashny A. The role of vertical roof intrusion in predicting occupant ejection. In: Proceedings of the 21st International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 15-18, 2009; Stuttgart, Germany.
2011	Lange R, Iyer M, Pearce H, Jacuzzi E, Croteau J. Roll over injury science and roll over crash typology. In: Proceedings of the 22nd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 13-16, 2011; Washington, DC.
2011	Friedman D, Mattos G, Paver J. The development of a dynamic rollover rating test. In: Proceedings of the 22nd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 13-16, 2011; Washington, DC.
2013	Grzebieta R, Bambach M, McIntosh A, Mattos G, Simmons K, Rechnitzer G, Digges K. Replicating real world rollover crash injuries. In: Proceedings of the 23rd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 27-30, 2013; Seoul, South Korea.
2013	Grzebieta R, McIntosh A, Mattos G, Simmons K, Rechnitzer G, Mongiardini M, Dal Nevo R, Jackson C. Implementation of the UNSW Jordan rollover system at Sydney’s Crashlab test facility. In: Proceedings of the 23rd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 27-30, 2013; Seoul, South Korea.
2013	Paver JG, Friedman D, Jimenez JA. Correlating human and flexible dummy head-neck injury performance. In: Proceedings of the 23rd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 27-30, 2013; Seoul, South Korea.
2015	Friedman D, Jimenez J. Matching structural injury risk statistics and dummy injury measures for a dynamic rollover rating and regulatory compliance test. In: Proceedings of the 24th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 8-11, 2015; Gothenburg, Sweden.
2015	Mongiardini M, Grzebieta RH, Mattos GA, Bambach M, Rechnitzer G, McIntosh AS, Nevo RD. Analysis of vehicle roof weakness and potential for neck injuries from experimental and simulated dynamic rollover tests. In: Proceedings of the 24th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 8-11, 2015; Gothenburg, Sweden.
2008	Paver JG, Friedman D, Carlin F, Bish J, Caplinger J. Development of rollover injury assessment instrumentation and criteria. In: Proceedings of the 36th International Workshop on Human Subjects for Biomechanical Research. November 2, 2008; San Antonio, TX.
2008	Ridella SA, Eigen AM. Biomechanical investigation of injury mechanisms in rollover crashes from the CIREN database. In: Proceedings of the 36th International Workshop on Human Subjects for Biomechanical Research. November 2, 2008; San Antonio, TX.
2008	Paver JG, Friedman D, Carlin F, Bish J, Caplinger J, Rohde D. Rollover crash neck injury replication and injury potential assessment. In: Proceedings of the 2008 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 17-19, 2008; Bern, Switzerland.421-424.
2008	Ridella SA, Eigen AM. Biomechanical investigation of injury mechanisms in rollover crashes from the ciren database. In: Proceedings of the 2008 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 17-19, 2008; Bern, Switzerland.33-47.
2010	Mandell SP, Kaufman R, Mack CD, Bulger EM. Mortality and injury patterns associated with roof crush in rollover crashes. Accid Anal Prev. July 2010;42(4):1326-1331.
2017	Ridella SA. The Contribution of Vehicle, Occupant and Crash Factors to the Risk of Injury as a Result of Vehicle Rollover: New Approaches to Data and Modeling Analysis [PhD thesis]. Gothenburg, Sweden: Chalmers University of Technology; 2017.
2013	Lockerby JW. Roof Deformation in Vehicle Rollover: The Case for Including an Energy Criterion in Vehicle Crashworthiness Evaluation [Master's thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; December 2013.
2015	Seppi JH. Repeatability Study of the Dynamic Rollover Test System (DRoTS) Using an Objective Rating Method [Master's thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; May 2015.

Year

Entry

2009

Friedman D, Grzebieta R. A proposed rollover and comprehensive rating system. In: Proceedings of the 21st International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 15-18, 2009; Stuttgart, Germany.

2009

Strashny A. The role of vertical roof intrusion in predicting occupant ejection. In: Proceedings of the 21st International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 15-18, 2009; Stuttgart, Germany.

2011

Lange R, Iyer M, Pearce H, Jacuzzi E, Croteau J. Roll over injury science and roll over crash typology. In: Proceedings of the 22nd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 13-16, 2011; Washington, DC.

2011

Friedman D, Mattos G, Paver J. The development of a dynamic rollover rating test. In: Proceedings of the 22nd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 13-16, 2011; Washington, DC.

2013

Grzebieta R, Bambach M, McIntosh A, Mattos G, Simmons K, Rechnitzer G, Digges K. Replicating real world rollover crash injuries. In: Proceedings of the 23rd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 27-30, 2013; Seoul, South Korea.