Back problems are very common and contribute to discomfort and days off work. Some back disorders are attributed to inappropriate loading of the spine that can be combined with other influential factors such a body posture, whole-body vibration and shock. Many models have been developed to predict the forces in the spine associated with vibration and shock. However, the problem is complex due to the incompletely understood dynamic responses of the body, the influence of many variables and the effect of muscle forces.

This paper summarises the current state of knowledge relevant to the prediction of forces in the spine associated with whole-body vibration and shock. The paper also introduces presentations at a workshop on the modelling of spinal loads associated with vibration and shock held in Berlin in October 1999.

Relevance:​ Biodynamic models may be used to estimate risks of injury or disease and optimise environments so as to minimise risks. However, the development of useful models requires an understanding of the complex interaction between mechanical forces and the living body. The application of models requires knowledge of their accuracy and limitations. Ó 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.