Adult seat belts:​ how safe are they for children?

Henderson, Michael; Brown, Julie; Griffiths, Michael

Affiliations

¹Michael Henderson Research

Cited Works (24)

Year	Entry
1969	Burdi AR, Huelke DF, Snyder RG, Lowrey GH. Infants and children in the adult world of automobile safety design: pediatric and anatomical considerations for design of child restraints. J Biomech. July 1969;2(3):267-280.
1989	Fuchs S, Barthel MJ, Flannery AM, Christoffel KK. Cervical spine fractures sustained by young children in forward-facing car seats. Pediatrics. August 1989;84(2):348-354.
1993	Weber K, Dalmotas D, Hendrick B. Investigation of dummy response and restraint configuration factors associated with upper spinal cord injury in a forward-facing child restraint. In: Proceedings of the Child Occupant Protection Symposium. November 7, 1993; San Antonio, TX. SAE 933101.
1994	Henderson M, Brown J, Paine M. Injuries to restrained children. In: 38th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). September 21-23, 1994; Lyon, France.75-87.
1992	Planath I, Rygaard C, Nilsson S. Synthesis of data towards neck protection criteria for children. In: Proceedings of the 1992 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 9-11, 1992; Verona, Italy.155-166.
1994	Klinich KD, Pritz HB, Beebe MS, Welty KE. Survey of older children in automotive restraints. In: Proceedings of the 38th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 31–November 2, 1994; Fort Lauderdale, FL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:245-264. SAE 942222.
1995	Khaewpong N, Nguyen TT, Bents FD, Eichelberger MR, Gotschall CS, Morrissey R. Injury severity in restrained children in motor vehicle crashes. In: Proceedings of the 39th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 8-10, 1995; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:403-423. SAE 952711.
1988	Evans L. Risk of fatality from physical trauma versus sex and age. J Trauma. March 1988;28(3):368-378.
1989	Yoganandan N, Haffner M, Maiman DJ, Nichols H, Pintar FA, Jentzen J, Weinshel SS, Larson SJ, Sances A Jr. Epidemiology and injury biomechanics of motor vehicle related trauma to the human spine. In: Proceedings of the 33rd Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 4-6, 1989; Washington, DC. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:223-242. SAE 892438.
1991	Shea M, Edwards WT, White AA, Hayes WC. Variations of stiffness and strength along the human cervical-spine. J Biomech. 1991;24(2):95-107.
1995	Chipman ML, Li J, Hu X. The effectiveness of safety belts in preventing fatalities and major injuries among school-aged children. In: 39th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 16-18, 1995; Chicago, IL.133-145.
1984	Prasad P, Daniel RP. A biomechanical analysis of head, neck, and torso injuries to child surrogates due to sudden torso acceleration. In: Proceedings of the 28th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 6-7, 1984; Chicago, IL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:25-40. SAE 841656.
1987	Tingvall C. Children in cars: some aspects of the safety of children as car passengers in road traffic accidents. Acta Paediatr Scand. October 1987;76(suppl 339):1-35.
1982	Mertz HJ, Weber DA. Interpretations of the impact responses of a 3-year-old child dummy relative to child injury potential. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). November 1-4, 1982; Kyoto, Japan.368-376.
1990	Pintar FA, Sances A Jr, Yoganandan N, Reinartz J, Maiman DJ, Suh JK, Unger G, Cusick JF, Larson SJ. Biodynamics of the total human cadaveric cervical spine. In: Proceedings of the 34th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 4-7, 1990; Orlando, FL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:55-72. SAE 902309.
1993	Stalnaker RL. Spinal cord injuries to children in real world accidents. In: Proceedings of the Child Occupant Protection Symposium. November 7, 1993; San Antonio, TX.173-183. SAE 933100.
1995	Brown J, Kelly P, Griffiths M, Tong S, Pak R, Gibson T. The performance of tethered and untethered forward facing child restraints. In: Proceedings of the 1995 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 13-15, 1995; Brunnen, Switzerland.61-74.
1994	Huelke DF, Compton CP. The effects of seat belts on injury severity of front and rear seat occupants in the same frontal crash. In: 38th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). September 21-23, 1994; Lyon, France.1-10.
1992	Huelke DF, Mackay GM, Morris A, Bradford M. Car crashes and non-head impact cervical spine injuries in infants and children. In: Proceedings of the SAE International Congress & Exposition. 1992; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE 920562.
1994	Meissner U, Stephens G, Alfredson L. Children in restraints. In: 38th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). September 21-23, 1994; Lyon, France.93-106.
1971	Mertz HJ, Patrick LM. Strength and response of the human neck. In: Proceedings of the 15th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 17-19, 1971; Coronado, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:207-255. SAE 710855.
1989	Deng Y-C. Anthropomorphic dummy neck modeling and injury considerations. Accid Anal Prev. February 1989;21(1):85-100.
1987	Agran PF, Winn D. Traumatic injuries among children using lap belts and lap/shoulder belts in motor vehicle collisions. In: 31st Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). September 28-30, 1987; New Orleans, LA.283-296.
1988	Agran PF, Winn DG. Injuries among 4 to 9 year old restrained motor vehicle occupants by seat location and crash impact site. In: 32nd Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). September 12-14, 1988; Seattle, WA.39-51.

Cited By (5)

Year	Entry
1997	Henderson M, Brown J, Griffiths M. Children in adult seat belts and child harnesses: crash sled comparisons of dummy responses. In: Proceedings of the 2nd Child Occupant Protection Symposium. November 12, 1997; Orlando, FL.159-163. SAE 973308.
2000	Weber K. Crash protection for child passengers: a review of best practice. UMTRI Res Rev. July–September 2000;31(3):1-27.
2002	Weber K. Child passenger protection. In: Nahum AM, Melvin JW, eds. Accidental Injury: Biomechanics and Prevention. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 2002:523-549.
2001	Paine M, Vertsonis H. Surveys of child restraint use in New South Wales. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 4-7, 2001; Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
2003	Paine M, Griffiths M, Brown J, Case M, Johnstone O. Protecting children in car crashes: the australian experience. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 19-22, 2003; Nagoya, Japan.