This study evaluated the shoe-surface interaction of 15 football shoes made by 3 manufacturers in both ante rior translation and rotation using a specially designed pneumatic testing system. The shoes included tradi tional cleated football shoes, "court" shoes (basketball- style shoes), molded-cleat shoes, and turf shoes. Un der an 11.35-kg (25-pound) axial load, all shoes were tested on synthetic turf under wet and dry conditions and on natural stadium grass. Test-retest reliability, as calculated using the Pearson Product-Moment Corre lation test, was 0.85 for force of translation and 0.55 for the moment of rotation. The wet versus dry surface values on translation were significantly different for rotation about the tibial axis. Spatting, which is protec tive taping of the ankle and heel applied on the outside of the shoe, resulted in a reduction of forces generated in both translation and rotation. No overall difference between shoes on grass versus AstroTurf was noted. However, there were significant differences for cleated and turf shoes. Shoes tested in conditions for which they were not designed exhibited reproducible exces sive or extreme minimal friction characteristics that may have safety implications. On the basis of this study, we urge shoe manufacturers to display sug gested indications and playing surface conditions for which their shoes are recommended.