The effect of loading rate on specimen calibration was investigated for an implantable force sensor of the two-point loading variety. This variety of sensor incorporates a strain gage to measure the compressive load applied to the sensor due to tensile loading in a soft tissue specimen. The Achilles tendon in each of four human cadaveric lower extremities was instrumented with a force sensor and then loaded in tension using a materials testing machine. Each specimen was tensile tested at three different displacement rates, 0.25, 2.5 and 12.7 cm s−1, corresponding with mean loading rates of 33.8, 513.2, and 2838.6 N s−1, respectively. A calibration curve relating the force sensor signal and applied tendon tension was generated for each specimen/ displacement rate combination. For each specimen, calibration curves were compared by calculating an RMS error for the entire data set (eRMS of the full load value) and a coefficient of determination, R², of a curve fit through all of the data (R²=99.6%). Over the range of rates tested, no measurable change in sensor sensitivity due to loading rate was observed. Hysteresis for all displacement rates was on the order of 2.4%.
Keywords:
Implant; Force; Transducer; Tendon; Calibration