Lumbar intradiscal pressure:​ experimental studies on post-mortem material

Nachemson, Alf

Year	Entry
1970	Hirsch C. Biomechanics in orthopedic surgery: an account of aims and methods. In: Gurdjian ES, Lange WA, Patrick LM, Thomas LM, eds. Impact Injury and Crash Protection. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 1970:125-140.
1973	Nachemson A, Elfström G. Intravital measurement of forces in the human spine: their clinical implications for low back pain and scoliosis. In: Kenedi RM, ed. Perspectives in Biomedical Engineering: Proceedings of a Symposium Organised in Association With the Biological Engineering Society and Held in the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, June 1972. Baltimore, MD: University Park Press; 1973:111-119.
2007	Kemper A, McNally C, Manoogian S, McNeely D, Duma S. Stiffness properties of human lumbar intervertebral discs in compression and the influence of strain rate. In: Proceedings of the 20th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 18-21, 2007; Lyon, France.
2017	Arun MWJ, Hadagali P, Driesslein K, Curry W, Yoganandan N, Pintar FA. Biomechanics of lumbar motion-segments in dynamic compression. Stapp Car Crash J. November 2017;61:1-25. SAE 2017-22-0001.
1963	Nachemson A. The influence of spinal movements on the lumbar intradiscal pressure and on the tensile stresses in the annulus fibrosus. Acta Orthop Scand. 1963;33(1-4):183-207.
1967	Galante JO. Tensile properties of the human lumbar annulus fibrosus. Acta Orthop Scand. 1967;(suppl 100):1-91.
1967	Hirsch C, Galante J. Laboratory conditions for tensile tests in annulus fibrosus from human intervertebral discs. Acta Orthop Scand. 1967;38(2):148-162.
1968	Tkaczuk H. Tensile properties of human lumbar longitudinal ligaments. Acta Orthop Scand. 1968;39(suppl 115):1-69.
1987	Aspden RM. Intra-abdominal pressure and its role in spinal mechanics. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). August 1987;2(3):168-174.
1966	Nachemson A. The load on lumbar disks in different positions of the body. Clin Orthop Relat Res. March–March 1966;45:107-122.
2009	Dai Y, Niebur GL. A semi-automated method for hexahedral mesh construction of human vertebrae from CT scans. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Eng. 2009;12(5):599-606.
1981	Kazarian L. Injuries to the human spinal column: biomechanics and injury classification. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. January 1981;9(1):297-352.
1974	Prasad P, King AI, Ewing CL. The role of articular facets during +G_z acceleration. J Appl Mech. June 1974;41(2):321-326.
1996	Ishihara H, McNally DS, Urban JP, Hall AC. Effects of hydrostatic pressure on matrix synthesis in different regions of the intervertebral disk. J Appl Physiol. March 1996;80(3):839-846.
1968	Nachemson AL, Evans JH. Some mechanical properties of the third human lumbar interlaminar ligament (ligamentum flavum). J Biomech. August 1968;1(3):211-220.
1974	Belytschko T, Kulak RF, Schultz AB, Galante JO. Finite element stress analysis of an intervertebral disc. J Biomech. May 1974;7(3):277-285.
1978	Lin HS, Lui YK, Ray G, Nikravesh P. Systems identification for material properties of the intervertebral joint. J Biomech. 1978;11(1-2):1-14.
1979	Andersson GBJ, Schultz AB. Effects of fluid injection on mechanical properties of intervertebral discs. J Biomech. 1979;12(6):453-458.
1985	McGill SM, Norman RW. Dynamically and statically determined low back moments during lifting. J Biomech. 1985;18(12):877-885.
1986	Koeller W, Muehlhaus S, Meier W, Hartmann F. Biomechanical properties of human intervertebral discs subjected to axial dynamic compression: influence of age and degeneration. J Biomech. 1986;19(10):807-816.
1988	Smeathers JE, Joanes DN. Dynamic compressive properties of human lumbar intervertebral joints: a comparison between fresh and thawed specimens. J Biomech. 1988;21(5):425-433.
1989	Shirazi-Adl A. On the fibre composite material models of disc annulus: comparison of predicted stresses. J Biomech. 1989;22(4):357-365.
1993	Linde F, Sørensen HCF. The effect of different storage methods on the mechanical properties of trabecular bone. J Biomech. 1993;26(10):1249-1252.
1995	McCubbrey DA, Cody DD, Peterson EL, Kuhn JL, Flynn MJ, Goldstein SA. Static and fatigue failure properties of thoracic and lumbar vertebral bodies and their relation to regional density. J Biomech. August 1995;28(8):891-899.
1997	Iatridis JC, Setton LA, Weidenbaum M, Mow VC. The viscoelastic behavior of the non-degenerate human lumbar nucleus pulposus in shear. J Biomech. October 1997;30(10):1005-1013.
1998	Iatridis JC, Setton LA, Foster RJ, Rawlins BA, Weidenbaum M, Mow VC. Degeneration affects the anisotropic and nonlinear behaviors of human anulus fibrosus in compression. J Biomech. June 1998;31(6):535-544.
2004	Pollintine P, Przybyla AS, Dolan P, Adams MA. Neural arch load-bearing in old and degenerated spines. J Biomech. February 2004;37(2):197-204.
2017	Bassani T, Stucovitz E, Qian Z, Briguglio M, Galbusera F. Validation of the AnyBody full body musculoskeletal model in computing lumbar spine loads at L4L5 level. J Biomech. June 14, 2017;58:89-96.
2023	Minster P-H, Lafon Y, Beillas P. Implications of range of motion requirements for the laxity of ligaments in a lumbar finite element model. J Biomech. February 2023;148:111460.
1979	Schultz AB, Warwick DN, Berkson MH, Nachemson AL. Mechanical properties of human lumbar spine motion segments, I: responses in flexion, extension, lateral bending, and torsion. J Biomech Eng. February 1979;101(1):46-52.
1981	Tencer AF, Ahmed AM. The role of secondary variables in the measurement of the mechanical properties of the lumbar intervertebral joint. J Biomech Eng. August 1981;103(3):129-137.
1982	Reuber M, Schultz A, Denis F, Spencer D. Bulging of lumbar intervertebral disks. J Biomech Eng. August 1982;104(3):187-192.
1986	Spilker RL, Jakobs DM, Schultz AB. Material constants for a finite element model of the intervertebral disk with a fiber composite annulus. J Biomech Eng. February 1986;108(1):1-11.
2003	Baer AE, Laursen TA, Guilak F, Setton LA. The micromechanical environment of intervertebral disc cells determined by a finite deformation, anisotropic, and biphasic finite element model. J Biomech Eng. February 2003;125(1):1-11.
2015	Bruno AG, Bouxsein ML, Anderson DE. Development and validation of a musculoskeletal model of the fully articulated thoracolumbar spine and rib cage. J Biomech Eng. August 2015;137(8):081003.
1964	Nachemson A, Morris JM. In vivo measurements of intradiscal pressure: discometry, a method for the determination of pressure in the lower lumbar discs. J Bone Joint Surg. July 1964;46A(5):1077-1092.
1978	Lin HS, Liu YK, Adams KH. Mechanical response of the lumbar intervertebral joint under physiological (complex) loading. J Bone Joint Surg. January 1978;60A(1):41-55.
1982	Schultz A, Andersson G, Örtengren R, Haderspeck K, Nachemson A. Loads on the lumbar spine: validation of a biomechanical analysis by measurements of intradiscal pressures and myoelectric signals. J Bone Joint Surg. June 1982;64A(5):713-720.
1985	Panjabi MM, Krag M, Summers D, Videman T. Biomechanical time-tolerance of fresh cadaveric human spine specimens. J Orthop Res. 1985;3(3):292-300.
1986	Panjabi MM, Summers DJ, Pelker RR, Videman T, Friedlaender GE, Southwick WO. Three-dimensional load-displacement curves due to forces on the cervical spine. J Orthop Res. 1986;4(2):152-161.
1991	Janevic J, Ashton-Miller JA, Schultz AB. Large compressive preloads decrease lumbar motion segment flexibility. J Orthop Res. March 1991;9(2):228-236.
1995	Ohshima H, Urban JPG, Bergel DH. Effect of static load on matrix synthesis rates in the intervertebral disc measured in vitro by a new perfusion technique. J Orthop Res. January 1995;13(1):22-29.
1997	Iatridis JC, Setton LA, Weidenbaum M, Mow VC. Alterations in the mechanical behavior of the human lumbar nucleus pulposus with degeneration and aging. J Orthop Res. March 1997;15(2):318-322.
1993	Crowell RR, Shea M, Edwards WT, Clothiaux PL, White AA III, Hayes WC. Cervical injuries under flexion and compression loading. J Spinal Disord. April 1993;6(2):175-181.
1991	Faulkner KG, Cann CE, Hasegawa BH. Effect of bone distribution on vertebral strength: assessment with patient-specific nonlinear finite element analysis. Radiology. June 1991;179(3):669-674.
1979	Nachemson AL, Schultz AB, Berkson MH. Mechanical properties of human lumbar spine motion segments: influences of age, sex, disc level, and degeneration. Spine. January–February 1979;4(1):1-8.
1980	Hansson T, Roos B, Nachemson A. The bone mineral content and ultimate compressive strength of lumbar vertebrae. Spine. January–February 1980;5(1):46-55.
1980	Hickey DS, Hukins DWL. Relation between the structure of the annulus fibrosus and the function and failure of the intervertebral disc. Spine. March–April 1980;5(2):106-116.
1981	Nachemson AL. Disc pressure measurements. Spine. January–February 1981;6(1):93-97.
1981	Horst M, Brinckmann P. Measurement of the distribution of axial stress on the end-plate of the vertebral body. Spine. May–June 1981;6(3):217-232.
1984	Shirazi-Adl SA, Shrivastava SC, Ahmed A. Stress analysis of the lumbar disc-body unit in compression: a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element study. Spine. March 1984;9(2):120-134.
1984	Yang KH, King AI. Mechanism of facet load transmission as a hypothesis for low-back pain. Spine. September 1984;9(6):557-565.
1984	Willén J, Lindahl S, Irstam L, Aldman B, Nordwall A. The thoracolumbar crush fracture an experimental study on instant axial dynamic loading: the resulting fracture type and its stability. Spine. September 1984;9(6):624-631.
1986	Kurowski P, Kubo A. The relationship of degeneration of the intervertebral disc to mechanical loading conditions on lumbar vertebrae. Spine. 1986;11(7):726-731.
1987	Hansson TH, Keller TS, Panjabi MM. A study of the compressive properties of lumbar vertebral trabeculae: effects of tissue characteristics. Spine. January–February 1987;12(1):56-62.
1988	Miller JAA, Schmatz C, Schultz AB. Lumbar disc degeneration: correlation with age, sex, and spine level in 600 autopsy specimens. Spine. February 1988;13(2):173-178.
1989	Brinckmann P, Biggemann M, Hilweg D. Prediction of the compressive strength of human lumbar vertebrae. Spine. June 1989;14(6):606-610.
1989	Keller TS, Hansson TH, Abram AC, Spengler DM, Panjabi MM. Regional variations in the compressive properties of lumbar vertebral trabeculae: effects of disc degeneration. Spine. September 1989;14(9):1012-1019.
1989	Yamamoto I, Panjabi MM, Crisco T, Oxland T. Three-dimensional movements of the whole lumbar spine and lumbosacral joint. Spine. November 1989;14(11):1256-1260.
1990	Thompson JP, Pearce RH, Schechter MT, Adams ME, Tsang IK, Bishop PB. Preliminary evaluation of a scheme for grading the gross morphology of the human intervertebral disc. Spine. May 1990;15(5):411-415.
1992	McNally DS, Adams MA. Internal intervertebral disc mechanics as revealed by stress profilometry. Spine. January 1992;17(1):66-73.
1994	Natarajan RN, Ke JH, Andersson GBJ. A model to study the disc degeneration process. Spine. February 1, 1994;19(3):259-265.
1995	Acaroglu ER, Iatridis JC, Setton LA, Foster RJ, Mow VC, Weidenbaum M. Degeneration and aging affect the tensile behavior of human lumbar anulus fibrosus. Spine. December 15, 1995;20(24):2690-2701.
1996	Ebara S, Iatridis JC, Setton LA, Foster RJ, Mow VC, Weidenbaum M. Tensile properties of nondegenerate human lumbar anulus fibrosus. Spine. March 15, 1996;21(4):452-461.
1996	Iatridis JC, Weidenbaum M, Setton LA, Mow VC. Is the nucleus pulposus a solid or a fluid? mechanical behaviors of the nucleus pulposus of the human intervertebral disc. Spine. May 15, 1996;21(15):1174-1184.
1997	Silva MJ, Keaveny TM, Hayes WC. Load sharing between the shell and centrum in the lumbar vertebral body. Spine. January 1997;22(2):140-150.
1997	Handa T, Ishihara H, Ohshima H, Osada R, Tsuji H, Obata K. Effects of hydrostatic pressure on matrix synthesis and matrix metalloproteinase production in the human lumbar intervertebral disc. Spine. May 15, 1997;22(10):1085-1091.
1999	Wilke H-J, Neef P, Caimi M, Hoogland T, Claes LE. New in vivo measurements of pressures in the intervertebral disc in daily life. Spine. April 15, 1999;24(8):755-762.
1999	Sato K, Kikuchi S, Yonezawa T. In vivo intradiscal pressure measurement in healthy individuals and in patients with ongoing back problems. Spine. December 1, 1999;24(23):2468-2474.
1999	Guilak F, Ting-Beall HP, Baer AE, Trickey WR, Erickson GR, Setton LA. Viscoelastic properties of intervertebral disc cells: identification of two biomechanically distinct cell populations. Spine. December 1, 1999;24(23):2475-2483.
2000	Adams MA, Freeman BJC, Morrison HP, Nelson IW, Dolan P. Mechanical initiation of intervertebral disc degeneration. Spine. July 1, 2000;25(13):1625-1636.
2001	Dhillon N, Bass EC, Lotz JC. Effect of frozen storage on the creep behavior of human intervertebral discs. Spine. April 15, 2001;26(8):883-888.
2001	Grant JP, Oxland TR, Dvorak MF. Mapping the structural properties of the lumbosacral vertebral endplates. Spine. April 15, 2001;26(8):889-896.
2001	Cao KD, Grimm MJ, Yang K-H. Load sharing within a human lumbar vertebral body using the finite element method. Spine. June 5, 2001;26(12):E253-E260.
2019	Beaucage-Gauvreau E. Brace for it: Assessing Lumbar Spinal Loads for a Braced Arm-to-Thigh Lifting and Bending Technique Using a Musculoskeletal Modelling Approach [PhD thesis]. University of Adelaide; June 2019.
2016	DelMonaco AM. Quantifying the Spatial Distribution of Intradiscal Pressure and Its Assessment Via Non-Invasive Estimates of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration [Master's thesis]. Boston University; 2016.
2006	Warden KE. Localized Trabecular Damage Adjacent to Interbody Fusion Devices [PhD thesis]. Cleveland, OH: Case Western Reserve University; May 2006.
1996	Iatridis JC. Biomechanics of the Anulus Fibrosus and Nucleus Pulposus of the Human Lumbar Intervertebral Disc and the Effects of Degeneration [PhD thesis]. Columbia University; 1996.
2020	Sloan SR Jr. Tissue-Engineered Annulus Fibrosus Repair and Nucleus Pulposus Augmentation in Pre-Clinical Models of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration [PhD thesis]. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University; May 2020.
2004	Joshi AB. Mechanical Behavior of the Human Lumbar Intervertebral Disc With Polymeric Hydrogel Nucleus Implant: An Experimental and Finite Element Study [PhD thesis]. Drexel University; February 2004.
2006	Thomas JD. Development of Injectable Hydrogels for Nucleus Pulposus Replacement [PhD thesis]. Drexel University; June 2006.
2012	Isaacs JL. Micromechanics of the Annulus Fibrosus: Role of Biomolecules in Mechanical Function [PhD thesis]. Drexel University; May 2012.
2013	Jamison D IV. Mechanical Characterization of the Human Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Subjected to Impact Loading Conditions [PhD thesis]. Drexel University; August 2013.
1999	Elliott DM. The Fiber-Induced Anisotropic Material Behaviors of the Anulus Fibrosus of the Intervertebral Disc in Tension [PhD thesis]. Duke University; 1999.
2001	Baer AE. The Micromechanical Environment of Intervertebral Disc Cells [PhD thesis]. Duke University; 2001.
2008	Cao L. Micromechanics of the Pericellular Matrix and Cells in the Intervertebral Disc: Three-Dimensional Finite Element Modeling Based on in Situ Morphology [PhD thesis]. Duke University; 2008.
2016	Senteler M. The Effect of Sagittal Alignment of Spine and Pelvis on Intervertebral Joint Loads: Numerical Biomechanical Modeling and Simulation of Subject Specific Alignment [PhD thesis]. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich; 2016.
2017	Torstrick FB. Effects of Surface Chemistry and Surface Topography on Polyether-Ether-Ketone Osseointegration [PhD thesis]. Atlanta, GA: Georgia Institute of Technology; December 2017.
2002	Cheung T-mJ. A Finite Element Study of the Effects of Mechanical Loading on the Fluid Flow and Biomechanical Response of the Intervertebral Disc [Master's thesis]. Hong Kong Polytechnic University; September 2002.
2016	Spurrier EJ. Spinal Injury in Underbody Blast [MD thesis]. Imperial College London; 2016.
2017	Christou A. Modelling Spinal Injury Due to High-Rate Axial Loading [PhD thesis]. Imperial College London; June 2017.
1981	Aspden RM. The Arrangement of Collagen Fibrils in Cartilage Determined by X-Ray Diffraction and Polarised Light Microscopy and Its Relationship to Mechanical Properties [PhD thesis]. University of Manchester; January 1981.
1985	Yoganandan N. Mechanical Factors and the Threshold of Trauma of the Intervertebral Joint: A Finite Element Analysis With Experimental Validation [PhD thesis]. Marquette University; December 1985.
1981	Tencer A. The Mechanical Properties of the Human Lumbar Spine [PhD thesis]. McGill University; April 1981.
2004	Yao H. Physical Signals and Solute Transport in Cartilaginous Tissues [PhD thesis]. University of Miami; August 2004.
2020	Honegger JD. Multiscale Modeling of the Lumbar Spine to Investigate Tissue-Level Load Transfer During Activities of Daily Living [PhD thesis]. Colorado School of Mines; 2020.
1996	Silva MJ. Predicting the Failure Behavior of the Human Vertebral Body [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; February 1996.
2015	Bruno AG. Investigation of Spine Loading to Understand Vertebral Fractures [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; June 2015.
2018	Long RG. Repair of Herniated Intervertebral Discs: Designing and Translating Annulus Fibrosus Sealants [PhD thesis]. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; 2018.
2009	Dai Y. Subject-Specific Computational Modeling of Spinal Constructs [PhD thesis]. University of Notre Dame; April 2009.
2011	Hollingsworth NT. Constitutive Modeling and Damage Mechanics of the Annulus Fibrosus [PhD thesis]. University of Notre Dame; 2011.
2009	Chagnon A. Étude biomécanique de la dégénérescence du disque intervertébral à l'aide d'un modèle éléments finis poroélastique [Master's thesis]. École polytechnique de Montréal; December 2009.
2015	Shahvarpour A. Biomechanical Response of Trunk Under Perturbations and in Challenged Seated Balance [PhD thesis]. École polytechnique de Montréal; November 2015.
2019	Ghezelbash F. Subject-Specific Computational Musculoskeletal Modeling of Human Trunk in Lifting: Role of Age, Sex, Body Weight and Body Height [PhD thesis]. École polytechnique de Montréal; December 2019.
1999	Cripton PA. Load-Sharing in the Human Cervical Spine [PhD thesis]. Queen's University; November 1999.
2018	Costa MC. Prediction of the Risk of Vertebral Fracture in Patients With Metastatic Bone Lesions as a Tool for More Effective Patients’ Management [PhD thesis]. University of Sheffield; November 2018.
2021	Malakoutian M. Biomechanical Properties of Paraspinal Muscles and Their Influence on Spinal Loading: An Experimental and Computational Investigation [PhD thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; May 2021.
2001	Pianalto L. The Mechanical Behavior of Cells in the Annulus Fibrosus: A Finite Element Analysis [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; 2001.
2004	Bruehlmann SB. The in Situ Mechanics of Cells in the Annulus Fibrosus of the Intervertebral Disc [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; April 2004.
2004	van der Werf M. Linear Cell Arrays and Cell Isolation in the Annulus Fibrosus of the Intervertebral Disc [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; September 2004.
2006	Kelly EJ. Functional Gap Junction Communication and Its Mechanobiological Role in the Outer Annulus Fibrosus [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; August 2006.
2009	McMillian JL. Cell Morphology and Gap Junction Communication in the Annulus Fibrosus [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; August 2009.
2013	Desmoulin G. Tissue Injury and Effects of Applied Vibration on the Intervertebral Disc [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; April 2013.
2013	Semler T. Feasibility of a Genipin-Crosslinked Fibrin Gel as a Patch for Annulus Fibrosus Repair in the Intervertebral Disc [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; April 2013.
1990	Faulkner KG. Quantitative Computed Tomography and Finite Element Modeling to Predict Vertebral Fractures [PhD thesis]. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley, University of California; June 1990.
2009	Metzger MF. Evaluation of Spinal Reconstructive Surgeries Using Multi-Body System Dynamics [PhD thesis]. San Francisco, University of California; 2009.
1993	Gilbertson LG. Mechanisms of Fracture and Biomechanics of Orthoses in Thoracolumbar Injuries [PhD thesis]. University of Iowa; August 1993.
2008	Moss IL. Modified-Hyaluronan and Elastin-Like Polypeptide Composite Material for Tissue Engineering of the Nucleus Pulposus [Master's thesis]. University of Toronto; 2008.
2010	Leckie AE. Mechanical Evaluation of a Thiol-Modified Hyaluronan Elastin-Like Polypeptide Nucleus Pulposus Replacement Material in Porcine Intervertebral Discs [Master's thesis]. University of Toronto; 2010.
2007	Scannell JP. In Vitro and in Vivo Biomechanical Investigation of the Clinical Practice of Disc Prolapse Prevention and Rehabilitation [PhD thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2007.
2008	Drake JDM. Axial Twist Loading of the Spine: Modulators of Injury Mechanisms and the Potential for Pain Generation [PhD thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2008.
2010	Langohr GDG. Cervical Total Level Arthroplasty System With PEEK All-Polymer Articulations [Master's thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2010.
2017	McKinnon CD. Axial Twist of the Lumbar Spine: Mechanical Responses to Twisted Postures and Potential Factors for Workplace Injury [PhD thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2017.
2021	Tibert N. Non-Pharmacological Management of Osteoporotic Vertebral Fractures: A Qualitative Analysis of Patient and Health-Care Professional Perspectives and Experiences [Master's thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2021.
1973	Prasad P. The Dynamic Response of the Spine During +G_Z Acceleration [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; 1973.
1985	Yang KH. An Experimental and Analytical Study of the Mechanism of Facet Load Transmission [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; May 1985.
2005	Cao KD. Development of a 4-Vertebrae, Detailed Finite Element Model of Thoracolumbar Spine [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; August 2005.
1996	Kim Y. A Finite-Element Study of Intervertebral Cages and Spinal Bone Remodeling [PhD thesis]. University of Wisconsin – Madison; 1996.
1992	Oxland TR. Burst Fractures of the Human Thoracolumbar Spine: A Biomechanical Investigation [PhD thesis]. New Haven, CT: Yale University; May 1992.

Year	Entry
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