Microfluidic technologies have rapidly emerged in the field of microbiology to facilitate our ongoing understanding of microorganisms. Using the high-throughput and miniaturization features in microfluidics, devices with controlled microenvironments can be created for research in the field of healthcare to study bacterial infection. As the antibiotic resistance of bacterial biofilms increases at an alarming rate, researchers are investigating new strategies for the prevention of implant-associated infections. In this thesis, we investigate the use of mechanical stiffness as an important microenvironmental property to regulate adhesion to implant surfaces, using a high-throughput microfluidic adhesion assay. It was found that at low shear stress, there was no statistical significance between Escherichia coli attachment to soft and stiff substrates. However, at higher shear stress, bacterial retention was higher on soft substrates compared to stiff substrates. In addition, protein-coated substrates on soft PDMS samples showed less bacterial retention than the native PDMS control. When developing new therapeutics for infection control, it is important to consider host cell responses. In the second portion of this thesis, we compare co-culture platforms for fundamental studies that can be applied towards drug testing and screening. Overall, fibroblast cells co-cultured with E. coli showed significant cell spread area increase in microfluidic co-culture devices, compared to conventional Transwell® platforms, most likely due to dilution limitations. The increase in cell spread may be attributed to the endotoxin tolerance of the cells, which may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of infection. With the advancements made in microbial microfluidics, these testing platforms can be used to gain deeper insight into the fundamentals of microbiology and infectious disease.