Analysis of the kinematic and dynamic behavior of the shoulder mechanism

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van der Helm, F. C. T.¹

Analysis of the kinematic and dynamic behavior of the shoulder mechanism

J Biomech. May 1994;27(5):527-550

Affiliations

¹Man-Machine Systems Group, Laboratory for Measurement and Control, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
Abstract

A finite element musculoskeletal model of the shoulder mechanism consisting of the thorax, clavicula, scapula and humerus has been used for analysis of the kinematic and dynamic behavior. The model includes 16 muscles, three joints, three extracapsular ligaments and the motion constraints of the scapulothoracic gliding plane which turns the shoulder girdle into a closed-chain mechanism. Simulations are inverse dynamic. Input variables are the positions of the shoulder girdle and humerus which have been recorded in 10 subjects during unloaded and loaded humeral abduction and anteflexion. Comparisons of muscle force predictions and EMG recordings are hampered by the unknown force-length relationship and the length dependency of EMG amplitude. It is concluded that EMG amplitude cannot be used for validation of complex musculoskeletal models. Muscle function is analyzed with help of a force and moment balance of the three joints. The moment balance includes the contributions of ligaments and the reaction forces at the scapulothoracic gliding plane. The scapulothoracic gliding plane is very important for the motions and the stabilization of the shoulder girdle. The direction and magnitude of joint reaction forces are calculated as well. It is concluded that the model provides good insight into the mechanics of the shoulder mechanism and that it enables an analysis of the function of morphological structures.
Links

DOI: 10.1016/0021-9290(94)90064-7

PubMed: 8027089

WoS: A1994NL01300003
History

Revised: 1993-06-8

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Cited By (22)

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2015	Siegmund GP, Chimich DD, Elkin BS. Role of muscles in accidental injury. In: Yoganandan N, Nahum AM, Melvin JW, eds. Accidental Injury: Biomechanics and Prevention. 3rd ed. New York: Springer; 2015:611-642.
2004	Oi N, Pandy MG, Myers BS, Nightingale RW, Chancey VC. Variation of neck muscle strength along the human cervical spine. Stapp Car Crash J. 2004;48:397-417. SAE 2004-22-0017.
2001	de Groot JH, Brand R. A three-dimensional regression model of the shoulder rhythm. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). November 2001;16(9):735-743.
2005	Huang C-Y, Stankiewicz A, Ateshian GA, Mow VC. Anisotropy, inhomogeneity, and tension–compression nonlinearity of human glenohumeral cartilage in finite deformation. J Biomech. April 2005;38(4):799-809.
2023	Lavaill M, Martelli S, Cutbush K, Gupta A, Kerr GK, Pivonka P. Latarjet’s muscular alterations increase glenohumeral joint stability: a theoretical study. J Biomech. June 2023;155:111639.
2024	Mattar LT, Mahboobin AB, Popchak AJ, Anderst WJ, Musahl V, Irrgang JJ, Debski RE. Individuals with rotator cuff tears unsuccessfully treated with exercise therapy have less inferiorly oriented net muscle forces during scapular plane abduction. J Biomech. January 2024;162:111859.
2025	de Vries WHK, Bossuyt FM, Veeger HEJ, Arnet U. Glenohumeral contact force, peak muscle forces, and thorax motion increase with fatiguing wheelchair propulsion in persons with a spinal cord injury. J Biomech. May 2025;184:112651.
2025	Kuniki M, Yokoyama H, Konishi R, Iwamoto Y, Yamagiwa D, Kuwahara D, Morine T, Kito N. Shoulder kinematics and muscle synergy during multi-plane humeral elevation and lowering. J Biomech. June 2025;186:112735.
2022	Vancleef S, Wesseling M, Vander Sloten J, Jonkers I. Musculoskeletal modeling-based definition of load cases and worst-case fracture orientation for the design of clavicle fixation plates. J Orthop Res. September 2022;40(9):2179-2188.
2004	Gupta S, van der Helm FCT, Sterk JC, van Keulen F, Kaptein BL. Development and experimental validation of a three-dimensional finite element model of the human scapula. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part H-J Eng Med. March 2004;218(3):127-142.
2001	Wang VM-W. Biomechanics of the Normal and Surgically Reconstructed Shoulder [PhD thesis]. Columbia University; 2001.
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2014	Bolsterlee B. Subject-Specific Upper Extremity Modelling [PhD thesis]. Delft University of Technology; 2014.
2005	Dickerson CR. A Biomechanical Analysis of Shoulder Loading and Effort During Load Transfer Tasks [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 2005.
2012	Ellis BJ. Finite Element Modeling of Knee and Shoulder Ligaments [PhD thesis]. University of Utah; May 2012.
2022	Tavares C. Development of a Two-Axis Cyclic Loading Device for Mechanical Testing of Glenoid Component Fixation [Master's thesis]. University of Western Ontario; 2022.
2014	Vidt ME. Muscle Structure and Function in Older Adults With a Rotator Cuff Tear [PhD thesis]. Winston-Salem, NC: Wake Forest University; April 2014.