This thesis assesses the potential benefits of implementing two alternative buildingbased hydroelectric technologies that have the capacity to improve energy efficiency at an urban scale. These technologies include a building-based hydroelectric system driven by wastewater, and the following two building-based hydroelectric energy storage systems:​ a pumped hydro system, and a gravity module system. An investigation is undertaken to analyze the techno-economic tradeoffs of each technology via the development of numerical models and their corresponding system scenarios. Results show that implementing a building-based wastewater hydroelectric system can offset the total annual pumping energy requirement by up to 36% regardless of the building’s height, and that this system is cost effective when installed in buildings that have a minimum of 35 floors (roughly 105 m in height) and at least 47 units per floor. Regarding the two building-based hydroelectric energy storage systems, results show that the building-based gravity module system is capable of offering greater power capacity at a lower levelized electricity cost than the building-based pumped hydro system. The gravity module system can provide single-cycle storage capacities as high as 1,358 kWh in buildings that are 300 m tall. Moreover, this system, when used for energy storage purposes, has a lower levelized electricity cost than that of an equivalent lithium-ion battery system in all buildings exceeding 156 m in height.