The global transportation industry, among others, relies heavily on atomizing sprays as the main source of fuel preparation in combustion systems. In turn, the performance and efficiency of sprays depend upon the distribution and vaporization characteristics of the droplets that inevitably result from the aerodynamic disintegration of the liquid fuel sheet or jet. To further understand how droplets react in turbulent environments, single-droplet vaporization tests on several reference fuels were carried out in a fan-stirred chamber. The test rig was modified as necessary to permit studies in novel areas, with a strong emphasis on the generation of high levels of relative and absolute turbulence. In particular, it was discovered that convective flows with relative turbulence intensities exceeding 100% are feasible while maintaining the desirable characteristics of homogeneous and isotropic turbulence. Droplet evaporation data in these high-intensity flows was used to reassess correlations and contrast the effects of bulk convection and pure turbulent fluctuations. Furthermore, high Reynolds number testing in a zero-mean environment found no upper limit to the effectiveness of turbulence, illustrating that further increases to combustion system turbulence may continue to yield positive effects. Special emphasis was placed on detailed flow-field analysis using particle image velocimetry, including the calculation of the dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy. The lessons learned from such efforts were then applied to the problem of turbulence modulation by a single fixed droplet while systematically varying the droplet diameter, the Reynolds number, and the liquid volatility. The above topics are arranged into four main chapters—each based on a published or completed manuscript—with a common goal of advancing the understanding of fuel droplet vaporization in highly turbulent environments.