Low-rate dynamic contact angles of a large number of liquids are measured on various solid surfaces by Axisymmetric Drop Shape Analysis - Profile (ADSA-P). It is found that not ail experimental contact angles can be used for energeîic calculations: In a specific case, slip and stick contact angle behaviour OCCLUS where the contact angle fluctuates by as much as 35°. Thus, circumspection is necessary in the decision whether or not the experimental contact angles can be used to interpret surface energetics in conjunction with Young's equation and whether the solid-liquid systems violate the basic assumptions made in aU contact angle approaches. It is shown that if one omits the inconclusive contact angle measurements, the liquid-vapour surface tension times cosine of the contact angle changes smoothly with the liquid-vapour surface tension, i.e. γlvcosθ depends only on γlv, for a given solid surface (or solid surface tension). Changing the solid surface (and hence γsv) shifts the curves in a very regular manner. Thus, γlvcosθ depends only on γlv and γsv. Intermolecular forces do not have an additional and independent effect on the contact angles. Because of Young's equation, the solid-liquid surface tension ysl can be expressed as a function of only γlv and γsv.
Goniorneter and ADSA-P contact angle measurements are also compared: they are shown to be essentially identical for solid-liquid systems which have constant contact angles. In the specific case of the slip/stick of the three-phase contact line using a goniometer technique, the observed static advancing angle corresponds to the maximum angle of the entire slip/stick behaviour, as registered by the automated ADSA-P technique. Thus, conventional goniometer measurements may produce a mixture of meaningful and meaningless contact angles, with no criteria to distinguish between the two. This provides partial explanation of the contact angle controversy in the literature.
A large amount of dynamic contact angle data is generated. An equation which foUows these experimental patterns and which allows the detemination of solid surface tensions is discussed.