Commotio cordis occurs suddenly under blunt impacts to the chest without heart structural damage, causing sudden deaths in youth. We simulated 128 impacts including four different baseball stiffness levels (213, 353, 1114 and 2533 N/cm), 16 locations including aiming at the heart centre plus three offsets in the horizontal and three offsets in the vertical orientations, and two impact velocities (13.41 m/s and 17.88 m/s). Results demonstrated that peak pressures in the left ventricle happened quickly during 2 to 7 ms after the ball started to contact the thorax. Peak strains in the left ventricle happened during 5 to 10 ms. Impact location greatly affected left ventricle pressure and strain with the impact to the lower left of the heart (to the left ventricle) producing the highest strains. Increasing velocities increased both pressure and strain predictions. Interestingly, reducing baseball stiffness did not reduce heart pressure and strain. For example, a softer baseball (stiffness of 213 N/cm) only reduced strain and pressure by 0.4% and 1% when compared to a standard baseball (stiffness of 2533 N/cm), respectively, in a 13.41 m/s impact. Moreover, an overall softer baseball even generated slightly higher left ventricle strain and pressure.
Keywords:
Baseball stiffness; commotio cordis; finite element model; heart strain; heart stress