¹Depart HCOP, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK

²The Centre for Spinal Studies and Surgery, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK

³Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

⁴National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Nottingham, UK

⁵National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Collaboration for Applied Health Research and Care (CLAHRC) East Midlands, Nottingham, UK

⁶Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

DOI: 10.1007/s00198-021-05848-z

PubMed: 33491138

WoS: 000610855100001

Received: 2020-12-11

Accepted: 2021-01-12

Online: 2021-01-25