Production of a standard closed fracture in laboratory animal bone

Bonnarens, Frank; Einhorn, Thomas A.

Affiliations

¹Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, State University of New York‐Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York

Abstract and keywords

To develop a technique for the production of a standard closed experimental fracture, a new apparatus was designed and tested on 40 male Sprague‐Dawley rats. First, the femur was treated with an intramedullary Steinmann pin. The femoral diaphysis was then fractured by means of a blunt guillotine driven by a dropped weight. Radiographically, this technique resulted in a highly reproducible transverse fracture. There was minimal comminution and minimal angulation of the intramedullary pin. Histologically, there was minimal soft tissue damage. Mechanical testing showed that all fractures healed. Pin removal was accomplished with ease and without disturbance of the healed fracture site. The apparatus is simple to use and inexpensive to build. Through its use, a highly reproducible closed fracture model is established.

Keywords: Fracture; Experimental fracture; Fracture apparatus; Closed fracture

Links

DOI: 10.1002/jor.1100020115

PubMed: 6491805

History

Online: 2005-02-17

Cited Works (1)

Year	Entry
1971	Burstein AH, Frankel VH. A standard test for laboratory animal bone. J Biomech. March 1971;4(2):155-158.

Cited By (47)

Year	Entry
2001	Hausman MR, Schaffler MB, Majeska RJ. Prevention of fracture healing in rats by an inhibitor of angiogenesis. Bone. December 2001;29(6):560-564.
2004	Hernandez CJ, Majeska RJ, Schaffler MB. Osteocyte density in woven bone. Bone. November 2004;35(5):1095-1099.
2005	Shefelbine SJ, Simon U, Claes L, Gold A, Gabet Y, Bab I, Müller R, Augat P. Prediction of fracture callus mechanical properties using micro-CT images and voxel-based finite element analysis. Bone. March 2005;36(3):480-488.
2009	Morgan EF, Mason ZD, Chien KB, Pfeiffer AJ, Barnes GL, Einhorn TA, Gerstenfeld LC. Micro-computed tomography assessment of fracture healing: relationships among callus structure, composition, and mechanical function. Bone. February 2009;44(2):335-344.
2020	Brady RD, Zhao MZ, Wong KR, Casilla-Espinosa PM, Yamakawa GR, Wortman RC, Sun M, Grills BL, Mychasiuk R, O'Brien TJ, Agoston DV, Lee PVS, McDonald SJ, Robinson DL, Shultz SR. A novel rat model of heterotopic ossification after polytrauma with traumatic brain injury. Bone. April 2020;133:115263.
2020	Ely EV, Osipov B, Emami AJ, Christiansen BA. Region-dependent bone loss in the lumbar spine following femoral fracture in mice. Bone. November 2020;140:115555.
2021	Doherty L, Wan M, Kalajzic I, Sanjay A. Diabetes impairs periosteal progenitor regenerative potential. Bone. February 2021;143:115764.
2020	Morse A, McDonald MM, Mikulec K, Schindeler A, Munns CF, Little DG. Pretreatment with pamidronate decreases bone formation but increases callus bone volume in a rat closed fracture model. Calcif Tiss Int. February 2020;106(2):172-179.
1998	Einhorn TA. The cell and molecular biology of fracture healing. Clin Orthop Relat Res. October 1998;355(suppl):S7-S21.
2011	Marsell R, Einhorn TA. The biology of fracture healing. Injury. June 2011;42(6):551-555.
2001	Kon T, Cho T-J, Aizawa T, Yamazaki M, Nooh N, Graves D, Gerstenfeld LC, Einhorn TA. Expression of osteoprotegerin, receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (osteoprotegerin ligand) and related proinflammatory cytokines during fracture healing. J Bone Miner Res. June 2001;16(6):1004-1014.
2002	Cho T-J, Gerstenfeld LC, Einhorn TA. Differential temporal expression of members of the transforming growth factor β superfamily during murine fracture healing. J Bone Miner Res. March 2002;17(3):513-520.
2007	Duvall CL, Taylor WR, Weiss D, Wojtowicz AM, Guldberg RE. Impaired angiogenesis, early callus formation, and late stage remodeling in fracture healing of osteopontin‐deficient mice. J Bone Miner Res. February 2007;22(2):286-297.
2019	Emami AJ, Toupadakis CA, Telek SM, Fyhrie DP, Yellowley CE, Christiansen BA. Age dependence of systemic bone loss and recovery following femur fracture in mice. J Bone Miner Res. January 2019;34(1):157-170.
2020	Lee S, Remark LH, Buchalter DB, Josephson AM, Wong MZ, Litwa HP, Ihejirika R, Leclerc K, Markus D, Yim NL, Tejwani R, Bradaschia‐Correa V, Leucht P. Propranolol reverses impaired fracture healing response observed with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment. J Bone Miner Res. May 2020;35(5):932-941.
2021	Kegelman CD, Nijsure MP, Moharrer Y, Pearson HB, Dawahare JH, Jordan KM, Qin L, Boerckel JD. YAP and TAZ promote periosteal osteoblast precursor expansion and differentiation for fracture repair. J Bone Miner Res. January 2021;36(1):143-157.
1993	Hiltunen A, Vuorio E, Aro HT. A standardized experimental fracture in the mouse tibia. J Orthop Res. 1993;11(2):305-312.
2001	Le AX, Miclau T, Hu D, Helms JA. Molecular aspects of healing in stabilized and non-stabilized fractures. J Orthop Res. January 2001;19(1):78-84.
2022	Osipov B, Paralkar MP, Emami AJ, Cunningham HC, Tjandra PM, Pathak S, Langer HT, Baar K, Christiansen BA. Sex differences in systemic bone and muscle loss following femur fracture in mice. J Orthop Res. April 2022;40(4):878-890.
2022	Emami AJ, Sebastian A, Lin Y-Y, Yee CS, Osipov B, Loots GG, Alliston T, Christiansen BA. Altered canalicular remodeling associated with femur fracture in mice. J Orthop Res. April 2022;40(4):891-900.
2023	Demidov VV, Clark MA, Streeter SS, Sottosanti JS, Gitajn IL, Elliott JT. High-energy open-fracture model with initial experience of fluorescence-guided bone perfusion assessment. J Orthop Res. May 2023;41(5):1040-1048.
2023	Innella K, Levidy MF, Kadkoy Y, Lin A, Selles M, Sanchez A, Weiner A, Greendyk J, Moriarty B, Lauritsen K, Lopez J, Teitelbaum M, Fisher M, Mendiratta D, Ahn DB, Ippolitto J, Paglia DN, Cottrell J, O'Connor JP, Benevenia J, Lin SS. Local zinc treatment enhances fracture callus properties in diabetic rats. J Orthop Res. July 2023;41(7):1494-1504.
2023	Hopkinson M, Jones G, Evans L, Gohin S, Magnusdottir R, Salmon P, Chenu C, Meeson R, Javaheri B, Pitsillides AA. A new method for segmentation and analysis of bone callus in rodent fracture models using micro-CT. J Orthop Res. August 2023;41(8):1717-1728.
2023	Ren Y, Zhang S, Weeks J, Moreno JR, He B, Xue T, Rainbolt J, Morita Y, Shu Y, Liu Y, Kates SL, Schwarz EM, Xie C. Reduced angiogenesis and delayed endochondral ossification in CD163^−/− mice highlights a role of M2 macrophages during bone fracture repair. J Orthop Res. November 2023;41(11):2384-2393.
1999	Ferguson C, Alpern E, Miclau T, Helms JA. Does adult fracture repair recapitulate embryonic skeletal formation? Mech Dev. September 1999;87(1-2):57-66.
2006	Tsuji K, Bandyopadhyay A, Harfe BD, Cox K, Kakar S, Gerstenfeld L, Einhorn T, Tabin CJ, Rosen V. BMP2 activity, although dispensable for bone formation, is required for the initiation of fracture healing. Nat Genet. December 2006;38(12):1424-1429.
2002	Street J, Bao M, deGuzman L, Bunting S, Peale FV Jr, Ferrara N, Steinmetz H, Hoeffel J, Cleland JL, Daugherty A, van Bruggen N, Redmond HP, Carano RAD, Filvaroff EH. Vascular endothelial growth factor stimulates bone repair by promoting angiogenesis and bone turnover. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. July 23, 2002;99(15):9656-9661.
2011	Leong PL. Spatial Localization of Mechanical Stimuli and Cellular Responses During Bone Healing in Vivo [PhD thesis]. Boston University; 2011.
2012	Hayward LNM. Investigations Into the Quantitative Relationship Between the Mechanical Environment and Skeletal Healing [PhD thesis]. Boston University; 2012.
2013	Miller GJ. Mechanoregulation and Mechanotransduction in Skeletal Tissue Differentiation [Master's thesis]. Boston University; 2013.
2005	Murray AW. Fracture Healing in Osteopenic Bone and the Influence of Simvastatin [MD thesis]. Edinburgh, Scotland: University of Edinburgh; 2005.
2007	Duvall CL. The Role of Osteopontin in Postnatal Vascular Growth: Functional Effects in Ischemic Limb Collateral Vessel Formation and Long Bone Fracture Healing [PhD thesis]. Atlanta, GA: Georgia Institute of Technology; May 2007.
2017	Mathavan N. The Anabolic - Anti-Catabolic Paradigm of Augmenting Skeletal Regeneration: A Bone Quality Perspective [PhD thesis]. Lund, Sweden: Lund University; 2017.
2006	Hacking SA. The Effects of Surface Topography and Chemistry on New Bone Formation and Osseointegration [PhD thesis]. McGill University; June 2006.
2019	Horstemeyer LK. Implant-Related Osteomyelitis Models for the Assessment of Bacteriophage Therapeutics [Master's thesis]. Mississippi State University; May 2019.
2019	Emami AJ. Systemic Bone Loss After Femoral Fracture in Mice: Potential Mechanisms and Age-Related Effects [PhD thesis]. Davis, University of California; 2019.
2019	Hsia AW. Osteophyte Formation in Post-Traumatic Osteoarthritis [PhD thesis]. Davis, University of California; 2019.
2019	Paralkar MP. Sex Differences in Systemic Bone and Muscle Loss After Femur Fracture in Mice [Master's thesis]. Davis, University of California; 2019.
2016	Yee CSN. Determining the Role of Sost and Sostdc1 During Fracture Healing [PhD thesis]. Merced, CA: Merced, University of California; 2016.
2018	Wang X. Investigating the Role of PDGF-BB/PDGFR-Β in Periosteum-Mediated Bone Regeneration [PhD thesis]. Storrs, CT: University of Connecticut; 2018.
1996	Rouleau JP. The Influence of Cyclic Strain Amplitude and Timing of Mechanical Stimulation on Secondary Fracture Healing [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 1996.
2001	Smith-Adaline EA. Influence of Mechanical Stimulation on Strain Environment and Patterns of Gene Expression During Fracture Healing [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 2001.
2010	Meganck JA. Fracture Healing and Regeneration in the Context of an Altered Collagenous Extracellular Matrix [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 2010.
2020	Kegelman CD. Combinatorial Roles of Skeletal Cell YAP and TAZ in Bone Growth, Remodeling, and Repair [PhD thesis]. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania; 2020.
2007	McDonald MM. The Role of the Osteoclast During Endochondral Ossification in a Rat Fracture Model [PhD thesis]. University of Technology Sydney (UTS); May 2007.
2018	Buettmann E. The Role of Bisphosphonates and Osteoblast Lineage Cells in Promoting Osteogenic and Angiogenic Processes Necessary for Bone Repair [PhD thesis]. St. Louis, MO: Washington University in St. Louis; December 2018.
2020	Coates BA. The Role of Gene Transcription and Inflammatory Cytokines in Bone Fracture Repair [PhD thesis]. St. Louis, MO: Washington University in St. Louis; May 2020.