Computerized transverse axial scanning (tomography), I:​ description of system

Hounsfield, G. N.

Affiliations

¹Central Research Laboratories of EMI Limited, Hayes, Middlesex

Abstract

This article describes a technique in which X-ray transmission readings are taken through the head at a multitude of angles: from these data, absorption values of the material contained within the head are calculated on a computer and presented as a series of pictures of slices of the cranium. The system is approximately 100 times more sensitive than conventional X-ray systems to such an extent that variations in soft tissues of nearly similar density can be displayed.

Links

DOI: 10.1259/0007-1285-46-552-1016

PubMed: 4757352

WoS: A1973R540700001

History

Received: 1973-02

Revised: 1973-07

Cited By (31)

Year	Entry
2006	Stoppie N, Pattijn V, Cleynenbreugel T, Wevers M, Vander Sloten J, Ignace N. Structural and radiological parameters for the characterization of jawbone. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2006;17(2):124-133.
1989	Yoganandan N, Sances A Jr, Pintar F, Harris G, Larson SJ, Mnhadevappa M. Three-dimensional computerized tomography analysis of steering wheel induced facial trauma. In: Proceedings of the 12th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). May 29–June 1, 1989; Göteborg, Sweden.752-763.
2006	Stitzel JD, Tan J, Gayzik S, Danelson K, Daly M, Carr JJ, Meredith JW. 3-D real time CT reconstruction: a tool for analyzing CIREN data. In: Proceedings of the 34th International Workshop on Human Subjects for Biomechanical Research. 2006.197-205.
2008	Harrison NM, McDonnell PF, O’Mahoney DC, Kennedy OD, O’Brien FJ, McHugh PE. Heterogeneous linear elastic trabecular bone modelling using micro-CT attenuation data and experimentally measured heterogeneous tissue properties. J Biomech. August 7, 2008;41(11):2589-2596.
2023	Blemker SS. In vivo imaging of skeletal muscle form and function: 50 years of insight. J Biomech. September 2023;158:111745.
2008	Engelke K, Adams JE, Armbrecht G, Augat P, Bogado CE, Bouxsein ML, Felsenberg D, Ito M, Prevrhal S, Hans DB, Lewiecki EM. Clinical use of quantitative computed tomography and peripheral quantitative computed tomography in the management of osteoporosis in adults: the 2007 ISCD official positions. J Clin Densitom. January–March 2008;11(1):123-162.
2020	Obata Y, Bale HA, Barnard HS, Parkinson DY, Alliston T, Acevedo C. Quantitative and qualitative bone imaging: a review of synchrotron radiation microtomography analysis in bone research. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. October 2020;110:103887.
2011	Lambers FM. Functional Bone Imaging in an in Vivo Mouse Model of Bone Adaptation, Aging and Disease [PhD thesis]. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich; 2011.
2007	Duvall CL. The Role of Osteopontin in Postnatal Vascular Growth: Functional Effects in Ischemic Limb Collateral Vessel Formation and Long Bone Fracture Healing [PhD thesis]. Atlanta, GA: Georgia Institute of Technology; May 2007.
2012	Pacureanu AJ. Imaging the Bone Cell Network With Nanoscale Synchrotron Computed Tomography [PhD thesis]. Institut national des sciences appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon); 2012.
2006	Yang S. Animal Experiment (rabbit) to Demonstrate Changes in Trabecular Bone Mechanical Properties Over Time Using Finite Element Analysis [PhD thesis]. Louisville, KY: University of Louisville; December 2006.
2007	Akhtar R. Micromechanical Behaviour of Bone [PhD thesis]. University of Manchester; 2007.
2014	Jameson JR. Characterization of Bone Material Properties and Microstructure in Osteogenesis Imperfecta/brittle Bone Disease [PhD thesis]. Marquette University; December 2014.
1988	Lotz JC. Hip Fracture Risk Predictions by X-Ray Computed Tomography [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; August 1988.
2018	Zimmermann Y. Développement d'une modélisation par éléments finis pour caractérisation non destructive de la biomécanique osseuse à partir d'images MICRO-CT [Master's thesis]. École polytechnique de Montréal; December 2018.
2018	Al-Mosawi M. Towards a 4-D Spatial and Temporal Model of Human Enamel Biomineralisation [PhD thesis]. Queen Mary University of London; 2018.
2008	Crookshank MCM. Optimizing Fracture Management: Correlating the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Bone to Computed Tomography to Generate an Estimate of Bone Quality [Master's thesis]. Queen's University; January 2008.
2012	Emerson NJ. Development of Patient-Specific CT-FE Modelling of Bone Through Validation Using Porcine Femora [PhD thesis]. University of Sheffield; September 2012.
2005	Ashe MC. Upper Limb Bone Health: Cadaveric, Imaging and Clinical Studies With Special Emphasis on Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography [PhD thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; April 2005.
2001	Boyd SK. Microstructural Bone Adaptation in an Experimental Model of Osteoarthritis [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; January 2001.
2011	Barth HD. A Hierarchical Approach to Characterizing the Fracture Behavior of Bone Utilizing Synchrotron Radiation [PhD thesis]. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley, University of California; F 2011.
2022	Ojanen S. Multiscale Imaging and Biomechanics of Articular Cartilage in an Animal Model of Osteoarthritis [PhD thesis]. University of Eastern Finland; 2022.
2013	Pratt I. In Vivo Imaging of Cortical Porosity by Synchrotron Phase Contrast Micro Computed Tomography [Master's thesis]. University of Saskatchewan; August 2013.
2014	Carter Y. Quantitative Imaging of Sex and Age Differences in Human Cortical Bone Osteocyte Lacunae [PhD thesis]. University of Saskatchewan; July 2014.
2018	Pratt I. Interpreting the 3D Orientation of Vascular Canals in Cortical Bone in Birds and Bats [PhD thesis]. University of Saskatchewan; September 2018.
2005	Cavanaugh D. Assessment of Cone Beam Computed Tomography Techniques for Imaging Lung Damage in Mice in Vivo [PhD thesis]. University of Texas Health Center at Houston; December 2005.
2012	Maloul A. Biomechanical Characterization of Complex Thin Bone Structures in the Human Craniofacial Skeleton [PhD thesis]. University of Toronto; 2012.
2014	Pakdel Sefidgar AR. The Craniomaxillofacial Skeleton: New Approaches in Computational Biomechanics and Fracture Stabilization [PhD thesis]. University of Toronto; 2014.
2016	In E. Development of Polymer-Based Gels for Multimodal Medical Imaging Phantoms [PhD thesis]. University of Toronto; 2016.
2009	Seevinck PR. Multimodal Imaging of Holmium-Loaded Microsphere for Internal Radiation Therapy [PhD thesis]. Utrecht University; 2009.
2008	McDonald CP. Image-Guided Surface-Based Registration of the Elbow [PhD thesis]. University of Western Ontario; 2008.