Burn injury in children results in a systemic inflammatory reaction as well as a stress response. Consequences of these non-specific adaptive responses include resorptive bone loss and muscle catabolism. These adverse events can result in a post-burn fracture rate of approximately 15% and long-term muscle weakness that prolongs recovery. A randomized controlled trial of a single dose of the bisphosphonate pamidronate within the first ten days of burn injury resulted in the prevention of resorptive bone loss and continuous bone accrual. Examining the muscle protein kinetics in pediatric burn patients enrolled in that randomized controlled trial revealed that those who had been given the single dose bisphosphonate experienced preservation of muscle mass and strength. An in vitro study of mouse myoblasts incubated with serum from patients who participated in the randomized controlled study demonstrated that mouse myoblasts exposed to serum from patients given the single dose bisphosphonate exhibited greater myotube diameter than those from burned children given placebo. Moreover, the serum from bisphosphonate treated patients stimulated the protein anabolic pathways and suppressed protein catabolic pathways in these cells. Inasmuch as incubation of the myotubes with an antibody to transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) rescued myotube size in the cultures with serum from patients who received the placebo to the same magnitude as cultures with serum from patients treated with single dose bisphosphonate, we postulate that post-burn bone resorption liberates muscle catabolic factors which cause muscle wasting. Future uses of bisphosphonates could include studies designed to prevent short-term acute bone resorption in conditions that may result in muscle wasting as well as in short-term interventions in chronic inflammatory conditions which may flare and cause acute bone and muscle loss.