Blunt Force Injury to Cartilage: Some Effects of Exercise and a Nutraceutical

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease characterized by loss of articular cartilage and alterations to the underlying subchondral bone. There is evidence of hereditary defects that may predispose to osteoarthritis, yet other factors such as age, excessive joint loading, and joint injury increase the risk for development of this disease. The current study uses an in vivo post-traumatic animal model to investigate blunt impacts on the patello-femoral joint. Treatment options for the relief of pain due to chronic joint disease are currently limited. In Chapter 1 the role of two nutraceuticals, glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate, taken before and after a 6.0 joule blunt impact to the patello-femoral joint are examined in a regularly exercising animal model. Regular exercise has been shown to have beneficial effects on preserving articular cartilage in the knee after a blunt force trauma. Chapter 1 documented that pro-trauma exercise may play a role in strengthening the cartilage to protect it from severe trauma due to a blunt impact. Chapter 2 investigates the effects of mechanically stressing cartilage, with intermittent cyclic compressive loading of chondral explants. This regular loading tends to increase the mechanical properties of the cartilage. Finally, this investigation of stressed tissue, or “exercise” versus “no-exercise” is further examined with use of an animal model in Chapter 3. In this chapter chronic joint degeneration is accelerated in an animal model by increasing the amount of impact energy to the patello-femoral joint to 10.0 joules.

Year	Entry
1998	Garcia JJ. A Transversely Isotropic Hypo-Elastic Biphasic Model of Articular Cartilage Under Impact Loading [PhD thesis]. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University; 1998.
1982	Armstrong CG, Mow VC. Variations in the intrinsic mechanical properties of human articular cartilage with age, degeneration, and water content. J Bone Joint Surg. 1982;64A(1):88-94.
2002	Thibault M, Poole AR, Buschmann MD. Cyclic compression of cartilage/bone explants in vitro leads to physical weakening, mechanical breakdown of collagen and release of matrix fragments. J Orthop Res. November 2002;20(6):1265-1273.
1997	Newberry WN, Zukosky DK, Haut RC. Subfracture insult to a knee joint causes alterations in the bone and in the functional stiffness of overlying cartilage. J Orthop Res. May 1997;15(3):450-455.
1998	Quinn TM, Grodzinsky AJ, Buschmann MD, Kim YJ, Hunziker EB. Mechanical compression alters proteoglycan deposition and matrix deformation around individual cells in cartilage explants. J Cell Sci. March 1998;111(5):573-583.
1997	Burr DB, Schaffler MB. The involvement of subchondral mineralized tissues in osteoarthrosis: quantitative microscopic evidence. Microsc Res Tech. May 15, 1997;37(4):343-357.
2000	Gelber AC, Hochberg MC, Mead LA, Wang N-Y, Wigley FM, Klag MJ. Joint injury in young adults and risk for subsequent knee and hip osteoarthritis. Ann Intern Med. September 5, 2000;133(5):321-328.
1998	Atkinson TS, Haut RC, Altiero NJ. Impact-induced fissuring of articular cartilage: an investigation of failure criteria. J Biomech Eng. April 1998;120(2):181-187.
1995	Haut RC, Ide TM, De Camp CE. Mechanical responses of the rabbit patello-femoral joint to blunt impact. J Biomech Eng. November 1995;117(4):402-408.
1984	Palmoski MJ, Brandt KD. Effects of static and cyclic compressive loading on articular cartilage plugs in vitro. Arthritis Rheum. June 1984;27(6):675-681.
1989	Sah RL-Y, Kim Y-J, Doong J-YH, Grodzinsky AJ, Plass AHK, Sandy JD. Biosynthetic response of cartilage explants to dynamic compression. J Orthop Res. 1989;7(5):619-636.
1986	Mizrahi J, Maroudas A, Lanir Y, Ziv I, Webber TJ. The “instantaneous” deformation of cartilage: effects of collagen fiber orientation and osmotic stress. Biorheology. 1986;23(4):311-330.
1987	Kiviranta I, Jurvelin J, Tammi M, Säämäunen A-M, Helminen HJ. Weight bearing controls glycosaminoglycan concentration and articualr cartilage thickness in the knee joints of young beagle dogs. Arthritis Rheum. July 1987;30(7):801-809.
2001	Ewers BJ, Dvoracek-Driksna D, Orth MW, Haut RC. The extent of matrix damage and chondrocyte death in mechanically traumatized articular cartilage explants depends on rate of loading. J Orthop Res. September 2001;19(5):779-784.
2001	Weaver BT. The Analysis of Tissue Response Following a Single Rigid Blunt Impact in an in Vivo Animal Model [Master's thesis]. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University; 2001.
1972	Hayes WC, Keer LM, Herrmann G, Mockros LF. A mathematical analysis for indentation tests of articular cartilage. J Biomech. September 1972;5(5):541-551.
1982	Farndale RW, Sayers CA, Barrett AJ. A direct spectrophotometric microassay for sulfated glycosaminoglycans in cartilage cultures. Connect Tissue Res. 1982;9(4):247-248.
2000	Loening AM, James IE, Levenston ME, Badger AM, Frank EH, Kurz B, Nuttall ME, Hung H-H, Blake SM, Grodzinsky AJ, Lark MW. Injurious mechanical compression of bovine articular cartilage induces chondrocyte apoptosis. Arch Biochem Biophys. September 15, 2000;381(2):205-212.
2005	Rundell SA. Investigation of the Acute Injury Response of Articular Cartilage in Vitro and in Vivo: Analysis of Various Therapeutic Treatments [Master's thesis]. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University; 2005.
1997	Torzilli PA, Grigiene R, Huang C, Friedman SM, Doty SB, Boskey AL, Lust G. Characterization of cartilage metabolic response to static and dynamic stress using a mechanical explant test system. J Biomech. January 1997;30(1):1-9.

Year

Entry

1998

Garcia JJ. A Transversely Isotropic Hypo-Elastic Biphasic Model of Articular Cartilage Under Impact Loading [PhD thesis]. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University; 1998.

1982

Armstrong CG, Mow VC. Variations in the intrinsic mechanical properties of human articular cartilage with age, degeneration, and water content. J Bone Joint Surg. 1982;64A(1):88-94.

2002

Thibault M, Poole AR, Buschmann MD. Cyclic compression of cartilage/bone explants in vitro leads to physical weakening, mechanical breakdown of collagen and release of matrix fragments. J Orthop Res. November 2002;20(6):1265-1273.

1997

Newberry WN, Zukosky DK, Haut RC. Subfracture insult to a knee joint causes alterations in the bone and in the functional stiffness of overlying cartilage. J Orthop Res. May 1997;15(3):450-455.

1998

Quinn TM, Grodzinsky AJ, Buschmann MD, Kim YJ, Hunziker EB. Mechanical compression alters proteoglycan deposition and matrix deformation around individual cells in cartilage explants. J Cell Sci. March 1998;111(5):573-583.

1997

Burr DB, Schaffler MB. The involvement of subchondral mineralized tissues in osteoarthrosis: quantitative microscopic evidence. Microsc Res Tech. May 15, 1997;37(4):343-357.

2000

Gelber AC, Hochberg MC, Mead LA, Wang N-Y, Wigley FM, Klag MJ. Joint injury in young adults and risk for subsequent knee and hip osteoarthritis. Ann Intern Med. September 5, 2000;133(5):321-328.

1998

Atkinson TS, Haut RC, Altiero NJ. Impact-induced fissuring of articular cartilage: an investigation of failure criteria. J Biomech Eng. April 1998;120(2):181-187.

1995

Haut RC, Ide TM, De Camp CE. Mechanical responses of the rabbit patello-femoral joint to blunt impact. J Biomech Eng. November 1995;117(4):402-408.

1984

Palmoski MJ, Brandt KD. Effects of static and cyclic compressive loading on articular cartilage plugs in vitro. Arthritis Rheum. June 1984;27(6):675-681.

1989

Sah RL-Y, Kim Y-J, Doong J-YH, Grodzinsky AJ, Plass AHK, Sandy JD. Biosynthetic response of cartilage explants to dynamic compression. J Orthop Res. 1989;7(5):619-636.

1986

Mizrahi J, Maroudas A, Lanir Y, Ziv I, Webber TJ. The “instantaneous” deformation of cartilage: effects of collagen fiber orientation and osmotic stress. Biorheology. 1986;23(4):311-330.

1987

Kiviranta I, Jurvelin J, Tammi M, Säämäunen A-M, Helminen HJ. Weight bearing controls glycosaminoglycan concentration and articualr cartilage thickness in the knee joints of young beagle dogs. Arthritis Rheum. July 1987;30(7):801-809.

2001

Ewers BJ, Dvoracek-Driksna D, Orth MW, Haut RC. The extent of matrix damage and chondrocyte death in mechanically traumatized articular cartilage explants depends on rate of loading. J Orthop Res. September 2001;19(5):779-784.

2001

Weaver BT. The Analysis of Tissue Response Following a Single Rigid Blunt Impact in an in Vivo Animal Model [Master's thesis]. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University; 2001.

1972

Hayes WC, Keer LM, Herrmann G, Mockros LF. A mathematical analysis for indentation tests of articular cartilage. J Biomech. September 1972;5(5):541-551.

1982

Farndale RW, Sayers CA, Barrett AJ. A direct spectrophotometric microassay for sulfated glycosaminoglycans in cartilage cultures. Connect Tissue Res. 1982;9(4):247-248.

2000

Loening AM, James IE, Levenston ME, Badger AM, Frank EH, Kurz B, Nuttall ME, Hung H-H, Blake SM, Grodzinsky AJ, Lark MW. Injurious mechanical compression of bovine articular cartilage induces chondrocyte apoptosis. Arch Biochem Biophys. September 15, 2000;381(2):205-212.

2005

Rundell SA. Investigation of the Acute Injury Response of Articular Cartilage in Vitro and in Vivo: Analysis of Various Therapeutic Treatments [Master's thesis]. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University; 2005.

1997

Torzilli PA, Grigiene R, Huang C, Friedman SM, Doty SB, Boskey AL, Lust G. Characterization of cartilage metabolic response to static and dynamic stress using a mechanical explant test system. J Biomech. January 1997;30(1):1-9.

Year	Entry
2007	Wei F. Response of Articular Cartilage to a Blunt Acute Overload Can be Affected by Intermittent Cyclic Preload and Alteration of Proteoglycan Contents [Master's thesis]. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University; 2007.

Year

Entry

2007

Wei F. Response of Articular Cartilage to a Blunt Acute Overload Can be Affected by Intermittent Cyclic Preload and Alteration of Proteoglycan Contents [Master's thesis]. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University; 2007.