Approximately 48,000 multiple traffic offenders were randomly assigned to a Traffic Survival School (TSS) teaching defensive driving procedures and a Traffic Violator School (TVS) attempting to alter conditions leading to traffic offenses. Over the year following assignment to course, offenders participating in the TVS experienced 8% fewer violations and 20% fewer accidents than those particiapting in the TSS. However, offenders who did not participate in either course, and had licenses suspended, experienced 26% fewer violations and 51% fewer accidents than course participants, an outcome attributed both to suspension itself and the possibility that offenders electing suspension were less dependent upon their cars and tended to drive less.