Mild traumatic brain injuries occur frequently and are generally associated with a lack of pathological evidence, although chronic behavioral disturbances can result. Repeated injuries are common and cumulative brain damage may exacerbate behavioral disturbances. The MCW rotational mTBI model was used to investigate cognitive, motor, and emotional disturbances following single and repeated injury in rats. The interval between injuries was seven days. All rats survived rotational acceleration without skull fracture, cervical spine injury, or evidence of focal trauma or brain hemorrhage. Motor and cognitive deficits were not apparent at seven days post‐injury. However, rats with repeated injuries demonstrated statistically significant hyperactive and decreased defensive behaviors during Open Field and Elevated Plus Maze testing. Present results from cognitive and motor testing agree with previous studies of repeated mTBI. However, this is the first study to investigate emotional‐type disturbances in rats following repeated injuries. Behavioral differences following repeated injuries were similar to previously reported findings of an olfactory bulbectomized rat model of depression, which has been reported in patients following mTBI. The present experimental model is ideal for the study of repeated mTBI as the injury mechanism and lack of pathological evidence mimic the human condition, and it produces clinically relevant outcomes.
Keywords:
mild traumatic brain injury; biomechanics; cognitive deficits; post‐injury behavior