Several underground mining fatalities along with numerous accidents and injuries involving load-haul-dump machines prompted an investigation into the line-of-sight issues from an operator's seated position within the cabin. Human simulation software, known as Classic JACK v.3.1, was used to assess line-of-sight issues in a virtual environment. After initial line-of-sight analysis, the computer-assisted design (autoCAD) drawings of the load-haul-dump vehicles were modified in an effort to improve line-of-sight. The success of the revisions was determined via a repeated line-of-sight analysis. Based on the line-of-sight findings, several operator and pedestrian strategies and consideration for mine signage were provided in order to promote safer operation of these underground mine vehicles.

Relevance to industry:​ This paper presents a novel way of evaluating underground mining equipment in a virtual environment. Manufacturers, purchasing companies, safety specialists and ergonomists have sought a visibility standard for underground mining equipment. This method may represent an approach by which line-of-sight from the operators’ position could be evaluated for every prototype and newly manufactured vehicle.