Anti-osteoporosis treatment following hip fractures may reduce the overall mortality rate. However, the effects of different drugs on mortality is still unclear. This population-based cohort study aimed to identify the degree of reduced mortality after various anti-osteoporosis regimens following hip fracture surgery. We conducted this cohort study to identify patients with newly diagnosed osteoporosis and hip fractures from 2009 to 2017 using the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). The subsequent use of anti-osteoporosis medication following hip fracture surgery was collected and analyzed. National death registration records were retrieved to determine mortality. A total of 45,226 new cases of osteoporotic hip fracture were identified. Compared with patients who did not receive further treatment, patients who had ever used oral bisphosphonates (alendronate and risedronate, hazard ratio [HR] 0.81;​ 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.78–0.84), ibandronate (HR 0.76;​ 95% CI, 0.67–0.86), zoledronic acid (HR 0.70;​ 95% CI, 0.64–0.76), and denosumab (HR 0.64;​ 95% CI, 0.60–0.68) showed lower all-cause mortality rates. Patients treated with bisphosphonates had a lower mortality risk than those treated with selective estrogen receptor modulators (HR 0.81;​ 95% CI, 0.75–0.87). Patients treated with zoledronic acid showed a lower mortality risk than those treated with oral bisphosphonates (HR 0.89;​ 95% CI, 0.82–0.97). However, patients receiving denosumab and zoledronic acid did not show a significant difference in mortality (HR 0.94;​ 95% CI, 0.85–1.03). Different anti-osteoporosis treatments for postsurgical patients were associated with different levels of decline in mortality. Generally, longer durations of drug use were associated with lower mortality.