Swelling of the intervertebral disc in vitro

Urban, J. P. G.<sup>1</sup>; Maroudas, A.<sup>1</sup>

Affiliations

¹Bone and Joint Research Unit, The London Hospital Medical College, London, E1 2AD

Abstract

Slices of the intervertebral disc swell rapidly in aqueous solutions. Following swelling, a large proportion of the proteoglycans leach out. These changes can introduce artifacts into in vitro experimental work. Swelling results from the large Gibbs-Donnan osmotic pressure of the proteoglycans which the collagen network of the disc is unable to oppose alone. Swelling can be prevented by applying pressure to disc slices either mechanically or with iso-osmotic solutions.

Links

DOI: 10.3109/03008208109160234

PubMed: 6456121

WoS: A1981MB14400001

History

Received: 1980-07-07

Revised: 1981-01-13

Cited Works (2)

Year	Entry
1979	Urban JPG, Maroudas A, Bayliss MT, Dillon J. Swelling pressures of proteoglycans at the concentrations found in cartilaginous tissues. Biorheology. 1979;16(6):447-464.
1981	Holm S, Maroudas A, Urban JPG, Selstam G, Nachemson A. Nutrition of the intervertebral disc: solute transport and metabolism. Connect Tissue Res. 1981;8(2):101-119.

Cited By (43)

Year	Entry
1997	Ishihara H, Warensjo K, Roberts S, Urban JPG. Proteoglycan synthesis in the intervertebral disk nucleus: the role of extracellular osmolality. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. May 1997;272(5):C1499-C1506.
1985	Urban JPG, McMullin JF. Swelling pressure of the inervertebral disc: influence of proteoglycan and collagen contents. Biorheology. 1985;22(2):145-157.
1996	Ishihara H, McNally DS, Urban JP, Hall AC. Effects of hydrostatic pressure on matrix synthesis in different regions of the intervertebral disk. J Appl Physiol. March 1996;80(3):839-846.
2005	Iatridis JC, MacLean JJ, Ryan DA. Mechanical damage to the intervertebral disc annulus fibrosus subjected to tensile loading. J Biomech. March 2005;38(3):557-565.
1991	Lai WM, Hou JS, Mow VC. A triphasic theory for the swelling and deformation behaviors of articular cartilage. J Biomech Eng. August 1991;113(3):245-258.
1995	Ohshima H, Urban JPG, Bergel DH. Effect of static load on matrix synthesis rates in the intervertebral disc measured in vitro by a new perfusion technique. J Orthop Res. January 1995;13(1):22-29.
1997	Fujita Y, Duncan NA, Lotz JC. Radial tensile properties of the lumbar annulus fibrosus are site and degeneration dependent. J Orthop Res. November 1997;15(6):814-819.
1999	Ishihara H, Urban JPG. Effects of low oxygen concentrations and metabolic inhibitors on proteoglycan and protein synthesis rates in the intervertebral disc. J Orthop Res. November 1999;17(6):829-835.
1988	Urban JPG, McMullin JF. Swelling pressure of the lumbar intervertebral discs influence of age, spinal level, composition, and degeneration. Spine. February 1988;13(2):179-187.
1994	Best BA, Guilak F, Setton LA, Zhu W, Saed-Nejad F, Ratcliffe A, Weidenbaum M, Mow VC. Compressive mechanical properties of the human anulus fibrosus and their relationship to biochemical composition. Spine. January 15, 1994;19(2):212-221.
1996	Ebara S, Iatridis JC, Setton LA, Foster RJ, Mow VC, Weidenbaum M. Tensile properties of nondegenerate human lumbar anulus fibrosus. Spine. March 15, 1996;21(4):452-461.
1996	Iatridis JC, Weidenbaum M, Setton LA, Mow VC. Is the nucleus pulposus a solid or a fluid? mechanical behaviors of the nucleus pulposus of the human intervertebral disc. Spine. May 15, 1996;21(15):1174-1184.
1999	Gu WY, Mao XG, Foster RJ, Weidenbaum M, Mow VC, Rawlins BA. The anisotropic hydraulic permeability of human lumbar anulus fibrosus: influence of age, degeneration, direction, and water content. Spine. December 1, 1999;24(23):2449-2455.
2001	Dhillon N, Bass EC, Lotz JC. Effect of frozen storage on the creep behavior of human intervertebral discs. Spine. April 15, 2001;26(8):883-888.
2001	Horner HA, Urban JPG. Effect of nutrient supply on the viability of cells from the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc. Spine. December 1, 2001;26(23):2543-2549.
2012	Strange DGT. Mechanics of Biomimetic Materials for Tissue Engineering of the Intervertebral Disc [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, UK: University of Cambridge; December 2012.
2013	Wu Y. Integrating Biomechanics and Cell Physiology to Understanding IVD Nutrition and Cell Homeostasis [PhD thesis]. Clemson, SC: Clemson University; May 2013.
2016	Cisewski SE. Nutrient Related Mechanisms of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration [PhD thesis]. Clemson, SC: Clemson University; August 2016.
1996	Iatridis JC. Biomechanics of the Anulus Fibrosus and Nucleus Pulposus of the Human Lumbar Intervertebral Disc and the Effects of Degeneration [PhD thesis]. Columbia University; 1996.
2007	Lu X. Indentation Analysis of Articular Cartilage Using the Triphasic Mixture Theory [PhD thesis]. Columbia University; 2007.
2006	Thomas JD. Development of Injectable Hydrogels for Nucleus Pulposus Replacement [PhD thesis]. Drexel University; June 2006.
2009	Massey CJ. Finite Element Analysis and Materials Characterization of Changes Due to Aging and Degeneration of the Human Intervertebral Disc [PhD thesis]. Drexel University; September 2009.
2011	Sarkar S. Synthesis and Characterization of a Chondroitin Sulfate Based Hybrid Bio/synthetic Biomimetic Aggrecan Macromolecule [PhD thesis]. Drexel University; September 2011.
2012	Isaacs JL. Micromechanics of the Annulus Fibrosus: Role of Biomolecules in Mechanical Function [PhD thesis]. Drexel University; May 2012.
2013	Jamison D IV. Mechanical Characterization of the Human Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Subjected to Impact Loading Conditions [PhD thesis]. Drexel University; August 2013.
2008	Cao L. Micromechanics of the Pericellular Matrix and Cells in the Intervertebral Disc: Three-Dimensional Finite Element Modeling Based on in Situ Morphology [PhD thesis]. Duke University; 2008.
2004	Yao H. Physical Signals and Solute Transport in Cartilaginous Tissues [PhD thesis]. University of Miami; August 2004.
2009	Travascio F. Modeling Molecular Transport and Binding Interactions in Intervertebral Disc [PhD thesis]. University of Miami; December 2009.
2011	Yuan T-Y. Innovative Methods to Determine Material Properties of Cartilaginous Tissues and Application for Tissue Engineering [PhD thesis]. University of Miami; August 2011.
2013	Wang C. Mechanobiology of the Intervertebral Disc: Influences of Static and Dynamic Compressions on Energy Metabolism [PhD thesis]. University of Miami; May 2013.
2006	Patel KP. Effect of PH on the Metabolism of Proteoglycans in the Intervertebral Disc: Investigation in an in Vitro Model With IL-1 Alpha Stimulation and Confirmation in the Cadaveric Human Intervertebral Disc [PhD thesis]. Rush University; 2006.
2020	Adria S. An Analytical Approach for Assisting Scoliosis Brace Casting [Master's thesis]. Edmonton, AB: University of Alberta; 2020.
1999	Klisch SM. A Continuum Mixture Theory With Internal Constraints for Annulus Fibrosus [PhD thesis]. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley, University of California; 1999.
2019	Bezci SE. Time-Dependent Characterization of Fluid Flow Into the Intervertebral Disc [PhD thesis]. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley, University of California; 2019.
2002	Walsh AJL. Tissue Remodeling in the Intervertebral Disc: Response to Dynamic Loading and Growth Factors [PhD thesis]. San Francisco, University of California; 2002.
2010	Shahmirzadi D. Experimental Characterization of Vascular Tissue Viscoelasticity With Emphasis on Elastin's Role [PhD thesis]. University of Maryland; 2010.
2005	Guerin HAL. A Nonlinear Anisotropic Continuum Model of Human Annulus Fibrosus Mechanical Behavior [PhD thesis]. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania; 2005.
2006	Johannessen W. Nucleus Pulposus Degeneration and Its Role in Intervertebral Disc Mechanical Function [PhD thesis]. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania; 2006.
2009	O'Connell GD. Degeneration Affects the Structural and Tissue Mechanics of the Intervertebral Disc [PhD thesis]. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania; 2009.
2016	Balkovec C. Intervertebral Disc Height Loss and Restoration: Outcomes and Implications [PhD thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2016.
2017	McKinnon CD. Axial Twist of the Lumbar Spine: Mechanical Responses to Twisted Postures and Potential Factors for Workplace Injury [PhD thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2017.
2018	Gruevski KM. The Aging Spine: The Effect of Cyclic Loading, Simulated Degeneration and Prolonged Sitting on Joint Stiffness Across Age [PhD thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2018.
1997	Rapoff AJ. Tensile Fatigue of Intervertebral Disc Annulus and a Probabilistic Rule of Mixtures for Elastic Moduli [PhD thesis]. University of Wisconsin – Madison; August 1997.