Background:​ Declining trends of hip fracture incidence in dialysis patients were reported from USA and Japan while studies from Europe are lacking. We investigated trends in hip fracture incidence and subsequent mortality in Swedish dialysis patients, comparing with the Swedish general population.

Methods:​ We used the population-based Swedish national database of fractures and the Swedish National Renal Registry to retrieve data on hip fractures incidence and subsequent mortality for years 2007–2016. Trends for age-standardized hip fracture incidence rate (ASMR_{hip fracture}) and age-standardized 30-day (ASMR_30day) and 180-day (ASMR_180day) post-hip fracture mortality rate in Swedish general population were evaluated by joinpoint regression analysis. Standardized incidence ratios of hip fracture (SIR) and standardized mortality ratios (SMR) were calculated for Swedish dialysis patients.

Results:​ In the general population, ASMR_{hip fracture} declined significantly:​ in women from 2007 and in men from 2009. In dialysis patients, SIR was 3–5 times higher compared to the general population and declined over time in women but not in men. In general population, mortality (ASMR_30day and ASMR_180day) declined significantly in women and men. In dialysis patients, post-fracture mortality (SMR, mainly for 180-day mortality) remained two-fold higher than in general population with no consistent trend towards improvement.

Conclusions:​ Hip fracture incidence and subsequent mortality fell among women and men in the Swedish general population. In dialysis patients, hip fracture incidence declined in women but not in men while post-fracture mortality did not improve, and the incidence and subsequent mortality remained 3 to 5-fold and 2-fold higher than in the general population.