Exercise-induced stress fractures and stress reactions of bone:​ epidemiology, etiology, and classification

Jones, Bruce H.; Harris, John McA.; Vinh, Tuyethoa N.; Rubin, Clint

Year	Entry
1998	Martin RB, Burr DB, Sharkey NA. Skeletal Tissue Mechanics. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1998.
1996	Bennell KL, Malcolm SA, Thomas SA, Wark JD, Brukner PD. The incidence and distribution of stress fractures in competitive track and field athletes: a twelve-month prospective study. Am J Sports Med. March–April 1996;24(2):211-217.
2007	Wallace JM, Rajachar RM, Allen MR, Bloomfield SA, Robey PG, Young MF, Kohn DH. Exercise-induced changes in the cortical bone of growing mice are bone- and gender-specific. Bone. April 2007;40(4):1120-1127.
1997	Burr DB. Bone, exercise, and stress fractures. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. January 1997;25(1):171-194.
2001	Hazelwood SJ, Martin RB, Rashid MM, Rodrigo JJ. A mechanistic model for internal bone remodeling exhibits different dynamic responses in disuse and overload. J Biomech. March 2001;34(3):299-308.
2010	Sun X, Jeon JH, Blendell J, Akkus O. Visualization of a phantom post-yield deformation process in cortical bone. J Biomech. July 20, 2010;43(10):1989-1996.
1996	Rubin C, Gross T, Qin Y-X, Fritton S, Guilak F, McLeod K. Differentiation of the bone-tissue remodeling response to axial and torsional loading in the turkey ulna. J Bone Joint Surg. October 1996;78A(11):1665-1676.
1999	Donahue SW, Sharkey NA. Strains in the metatarsals during the stance phase of gait: implications for stress fractures. J Bone Joint Surg. September 1999;81A(9):1236-1244.
1995	Rubin CT, Gross TS, McLeod KJ, Bain SD. Morphologie stages in lamellar bone formation stimulated by a potent mechanical stimulus. J Bone Miner Res. March 1995;10(3):488-495.
1995	Martin B. Mathematical model for repair of fatigue damage and stress fracture in osteonal bone. J Orthop Res. May 1995;13(3):309-316.
1995	Gibson VA, Stover SM, Martin RB, Gibeling JC, Willits NH, Gustafson MB, Griffin LV. Fatigue behavior of the equine third metacarpus: mechanical property analysis. J Orthop Res. November 1995;13(6):861-868.
2002	Hsieh Y-F, Silva MJ. In vivo fatigue loading of the rat ulna induces both bone formation and resorption and leads to time-related changes in bone mechanical properties and density. J Orthop Res. July 2002;20(4):764-771.
2000	Heaney RP, Abrams S, Dawson-Hughes B, Looker A, Marcus R, Matkovic V, Weaver C. Peak bone mass. Osteoporos Int. December 2000;11(12):985-1009.
2012	Moore E. The Frequency, Aqueous Solution, Stress Amplitude, Temperature (FAST) Machine: A Device Proposed for Accelerated Fatigue Testing of Cortical Bone [Master's thesis]. Cleveland, OH: Case Western Reserve University; August 2012.
2019	Bakr M. Parathyroid Hormone Effect on Facilitating Stress Fracture Repair [PhD thesis]. Brisbane, Australia: Griffith University; July 2019.
2008	Thomas JM. Factors Affecting Lower Extremity Loading During Running [PhD thesis]. Iowa State University; 2008.
2009	Meardon SA. Skeletal Loading: Implications for Injury and Treatment [PhD thesis]. Iowa State University; 2009.
2011	Ross RD. Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles as Damage-Specific X-Ray Computed Tomography Contrast Agents in Bone Tissue [PhD thesis]. University of Notre Dame; November 2011.
2019	Dever D. Interactive Effects of Load Carriage Magnitude and Marching Velocity on Kinetic, Kinematic and Spatiotemporal Gait Characteristics in Recruit-Aged, Physically Active Females [Master's thesis]. University of Pittsburgh; 2019.
1997	Flynn TW. Tibial Flexural Wave Propagation Velocity in Vivo: Methodological Considerations in the Analysis of Bone Quality [PhD thesis]. State College, PA: Pennsylvania State University; August 1997.
2012	Sun X. Mechanically Induced Calcium Efflux from Bone Matrix Stimulates Osteoblasts [PhD thesis]. Purdue University; May 2012.
2005	George WT. Multiaxial Fracture Characteristics of Aging Human Bone [PhD thesis]. Troy, NY: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; April 2005.
1997	Qin Y-X. Fluid Flow, Matrix Strain and Loading Frequency as Interdependent Control Parameters in Skeletal Adaptation [PhD thesis]. Stony Brook, NY: State University of New York at Stony Brook; May 1997.
2004	LaMothe JM. Functional Adaptation of Bone [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; September 2004.
2016	Firminger CR. Effects of Minimalist Footwear and Stride Length Reduction on Metatarsal Strains and the Probability of Stress Fracture in Running [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; July 2016.
2017	Fung A. Experimental Validation of Finite Element Predicted Bone Strain in the Human Metatarsal [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; April 2017.
1999	Donahue SW. Bone Strain and Microdamage At Stress Fracture Sites in Human Metatarsals [PhD thesis]. Davis, University of California; 1999.
2000	Gibson VA. Fatigue Behavior of Equine Third Metacarpal Bone Tissue [PhD thesis]. Davis, University of California; 2000.
2009	Crowell HP III. Gait Retraining for the Reduction of Lower Extremity Loading [PhD thesis]. University of Delaware; Winter 2009.
2007	Wallace JM III. Investigating the Inbred Strain-Specific Response to Biglycan-Deficiency and Exercise: A Study in Genetically-Mediated Skeletal Adaptation [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 2007.
2009	Sahar ND. Investigating the Effects of Age and Exercise on Bone Composition and the Impact of Composition on Mechanical Integrity. [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 2009.
1996	Beck BR. The Relationship of Streaming Potential Magnitude to Strain and Periosteal Modeling [PhD thesis]. Eugene, OR: University of Oregon; December 1996.
2009	McKenzie JA. Investigations Into the Ulnar Response to Mechanical Stimuli Activating Lamellar and Woven Bone Formation [PhD thesis]. St. Louis, MO: Washington University in St. Louis; December 2009.
2001	Parsamian GP. Damage Mechanics of Human Cortical Bone [PhD thesis]. West Virginia University; 2001.

Year	Entry
1971	Swanson SAV, Freeman MAR, Day WH. The fatigue properties of human cortical bone. Med Biol Eng. January 1971;9(1):23-32.
1981	Clement DB, Taunton JE, Smart GW, McNicol KL. A survey of overuse running injuries. Phys Sportsmed. May 1981;9(5):47-58.
1976	Carter DR, Hayes WC. Fatigue life of compact bone, I: effects of stress amplitude, temperature and density. J Biomech. 1976;9(1):27-34.
1987	Matheson GO, Clement DB, Mckenzie DC, Taunton JE, Lloyd-Smith DR, Macintyre JG. Stress fractures in athletes: a study of 320 cases. Am J Sports Med. January–February 1987;15(1):46-58.
1970	Chamay A. Mechanical and morphological aspect of experimental overload and fatigue in bone. J Biomech. May 1970;3(3):263-270.
1957	Evans FG, Lebow M. Strength of human compact bone under repetitive loading. J Appl Physiol. January 1957;10(1):127-130.
1985	Burr DB, Martin RB, Schaffler MB, Radin EL. Bone remodeling in response to in vivo fatigue microdamage. J Biomech. 1985;18(3):189-200.
1985	Milgrom C, Giladi M, Stein M, Kashtan H, Margulies JY, Chisin R, Steinberg R, Aharonson Z. Stress fractures in military recruits: a prospective study showing an unusually high incidence. J Bone Joint Surg. November 1985;67B(5):732-735.
1985	Keller TS, Lovin JD, Spengler DM, Carter DR. Fatigue of immature baboon cortical bone. J Biomech. 1985;18(4):297-304.
1960	Trotter M, Broman GE, Peterson RR. Densities of bones of white and Negro skeletons. J Bone Joint Surg. January 1960;42A(1):50-58.
1985	McBryde AM Jr. Stress fractures in runners. Clin Sports Med. October 1985;4(4):737-752.
1977	Carter DR, Hayes WC. Compact bone fatigue damage: a microscopic examination. Clin Orthop Relat Res. September 1977;127:265-274.
1977	Carter DR, Hayes WC. Compact bone fatigue damage, I: residual strength and stiffness. J Biomech. 1977;10(5-6):325-337.
1981	Carter DR, Caler WE, Spengler DM, Frankel VH. Fatigue behavior of adult cortical bone: the influence of mean strain and strain range. Acta Orthop Scand. 1981;52(5):481-490.
1974	Freeman MAR, Todd RC, Pirie CJ. The role of fatigue in the pathogenesis of senile femoral neck fractures. J Bone Joint Surg. November 1974;56B(4):698-702.
1970	Evans FG, Riolo ML. Relations between the fatigue life and histology of adult human cortical bone. J Bone Joint Surg. December 1970;52A(8):1579-1586.