Hardness, Young's modulus and yield stress in mammalian mineralized tissues

Currey, J. D.; Brear, K.

Affiliations

¹Department of Biology, University of York, York YO1 5DD, UK

Abstract

The hardness, Young's modulus of elasticity, tensile yield stress, ultimate stress and calcium content of 65 specimens from mammalian long bones and dental tissues were determined. The hardness was a very good predictor of the Young's modulus and yield stress, but a less good predictor of ultimate stress. The relationship in each case was nearly linear. All of these properties have the same type of non-linear relationship to the calcium content of the specimens. Over the range of calcium contents used here, hardness would be a useful guide to the mechanical properties of mineralized tissues in situations where conventional test specimens could not be produced, or where variations in mechanical properties over small distances are of interest.

Links

DOI: 10.1007/BF00705348

WoS: A1990EW91200003

History

Received: 1989-11-09

Accepted: 1989-12-06

Cited Works (2)

Year	Entry
1989	Hodgskinson R, Currey JD, Evans GP. Hardness, an indicator of the mechanical competence of cancellous bone. J Orthop Res. September 1989;7(5):754-758.
1973	Evans FG. Mechanical Properties of Bone. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 1973.

Cited By (36)

Year	Entry
1996	Ziv V, Wagner HD, Weiner S. Microstructure-microhardness relations in parallel-fibered and lamellar bone. Bone. May 1996;18(5):417-428.
2000	Hoffler CE, Moore KE, Kozloff K, Zysset PK, Brown MB, Goldstein SA. Heterogeneity of bone lamellar-level elastic moduli. Bone. June 2000;26(6):603-609.
2008	Boivin G, Bala Y, Doublier A, Farlay D, Ste-Marie LG, Meunier PJ, Delmas PD. The role of mineralization and organic matrix in the microhardness of bone tissue from controls and osteoporotic patients. Bone. September 2008;43(3):532-538.
2003	Martin RB. Fatigue microdamage as an essential element of bone mechanics and biology. Calcif Tiss Int. August 2003;73(2):101-107.
2000	Zioupos P, Currey JD, Casinos A. Exploring the effects of hypermineralisation in bone tissue by using an extreme biological example. Connect Tissue Res. 2000;41(3):229-248.
1994	Currey JD, Brear K, Zioupos P. Dependence of mechanical properties on fibre angle in narwhal tusk, a highly oriented biological composite. J Biomech. July 1994;27(7):885-897.
1995	Broz JJ, Simske SJ, Greenberg AR. Material and compositional properties of selectively demineralized cortical bone. J Biomech. November 1995;28(11):1357-1368.
1999	Liu D, Weiner S, Wagner HD. Anisotropic mechanical properties of lamellar bone using miniature cantilever bending specimens. J Biomech. July 1999;32(7):647-654.
2002	Habelitz S, Marshall GW Jr, Balooch M, Marshall SJ. Nanoindentation and storage of teeth. J Biomech. July 2002;35(7):995-998.
2003	Yeni YN, Fyhrie DP. A rate-dependent microcrack-bridging model that can explain the strain rate dependency of cortical bone apparent yield strength. J Biomech. September 2003;36(9):1343-1353.
2008	Zhang J, Niebur GL, Ovaert TC. Mechanical property determination of bone through nano- and micro-indentation testing and finite element simulation. J Biomech. 2008;41(2):267-275.
2014	Faingold A, Cohen SR, Shahar R, Weiner S, Rapoport L, Wagner HD. The effect of hydration on mechanical anisotropy, topography and fibril organization of the osteonal lamellae. J Biomech. January 22, 2014;47(2):367-372.
2005	Hoffler CE, Guo XE, Zysset PK, Goldstein SA. An application of nanoindentation technique to measure bone tissue lamellae properties. J Biomech Eng. January 2005;127(7):1046-1053.
1994	Zioupos P, Currey JD. The extent of microcracking and the morphology of microcracks in damaged bone. J Mater Sci. 1994;29(4):978-986.
1998	Akiva U, Wagner HD, Weiner S. Modelling the three-dimensional elastic constants of parallel-fibred and lamellar bone. J Mater Sci. March 15, 1998;33(6):1497-1509.
2020	Jin Y, Zhang T, Lui YF, Sze KY, Lu WW. The measured mechanical properties of osteoporotic trabecular bone decline with the increment of deformation volume during micro-indentation. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. March 2020;103:103546.
1992	Blackburn J, Hodgskinson R, Currey JD, Mason JE. Mechanical properties of microcallus in human cancellous bone. J Orthop Res. March 1992;10(2):237-246.
2000	Hoffler CE, Moore KE, Kozloff K, Zysset PK, Goldstein SA. Age, gender, and bone lamellae elastic moduli. J Orthop Res. May 2000;18(3):432-437.
2001	Roschger P, Grabner BM, Rinnerthaler S, Tesch W, Kneissel M, Berzlanovich A, Klaushofer K, Fratzl P. Structural development of the mineralized tissue in the human L4 vertebral body. J Struct Biol. November 2001;136(2):126-136.
2017	Akbas AS. Local Bone Tissue Mechanical Property Changes Without Bone Remodeling: Regulation At the Osteocyte Level [PhD thesis]. New York, NY: The City College of New York; 2017.
2020	Mehraban Alvandi L. Diffuse Damage Repair Mechanism in Bone [PhD thesis]. New York, NY: The City College of New York; 2020.
1998	Bateman TA. Cytokine Therapies for Short-Term Disuse Osteopenia Models in Murines [PhD thesis]. University of Colorado; 1998.
1999	Ayers RA. The Interaction Between Bone and Porous Biomaterials in Rabbit and Human Craniomaxillofacial Bone [PhD thesis]. University of Colorado; 1999.
2014	Seref-Ferlengez Z. Diffused Microdamage in Bone Vivo: Structural and Mechanical Bases of Repair [PhD thesis]. New York, NY: The City University of New York; 2014.
2014	Jameson JR. Characterization of Bone Material Properties and Microstructure in Osteogenesis Imperfecta/brittle Bone Disease [PhD thesis]. Marquette University; December 2014.
2007	Zhang J. Mechanical Property Determination of Bone Through Nano- and Microindentation Testing and Finite Element Simulation [PhD thesis]. University of Notre Dame; July 2007.
2001	Kim DG. Micromechanical Analysis of Bone At a Bone-Implant Interface [PhD thesis]. Troy, NY: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; April 2001.
2006	Diab T. The Role of Damage Morphology in Age-Related Increase in Bone Fragility [PhD thesis]. Troy, NY: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; 2006.
2012	Brennan MA. Close to the Bone: Investigations Into Bone Tissue Mineralisation and Mechanobiology of Osteoporosis [PhD thesis]. University of Southampton; January 2012.
2012	Acerbo AS. Local Chemical and Nanostructural Properties of Rat Cortical Bone Are Altered by Osteoporosis and Pharmaceutical Treatments [PhD thesis]. Stony Brook, NY: Stony Brook University; August 2012.
2011	Ebacher V. Experimental Study of Deformation and Microcracking in Human Cortical Bone [PhD thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; May 2011.
2012	Tjhia CKH. Bone Quality of Patients With Atypical Fractures and Severely Suppressed Bone Turnover [PhD thesis]. Davis, University of California; 2012.
2012	Evdokimenko E. Investigation Into Mechanical Properties of Bone and Its Main Constituents [PhD thesis]. San Diego (UCSD), University of California; 2012.
2005	Yan J. Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanics of Compact Bone [PhD thesis]. University of Florida; 2005.
2023	Fuller LH. Structure-Function Relationships of Bighorn Sheep Horncore Bone and Horn-Horncore Interface Materials for Energy Absorption Applications [PhD thesis]. University of Massachusetts at Amherst; February 2023.
2010	Wynnyckyj C. The Consequences of Collagen Degradation on Bone Mechanical Properties [PhD thesis]. University of Toronto; 2010.