The diagnosis of osteoporosis

Kanis, John A.<sup>1</sup>; Melton, III, L. Joseph<sup>2</sup>; Christiansen, Claus<sup>3</sup>; Johnston, Conrad C.<sup>4</sup>; Khaltaev, Nikolai<sup>5</sup>

Year	Entry
2010	Gong H, Zhu D, Xiao Z, Zhang X, Zhang M. Relationship between apparent elastic modulus and microstructural parameters of senile vertebral trabecular bone. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Informatics (bmei 2010). October 16-18, 2010; Yantai, China.1353-1356.
2019	Hansen D, Bazel C, Pelizzari P, Pyenson B; National Osteoporosis Foundation. Medicare Cost of Osteoporotic Fractures: The Clinical and Cost Burden of an Important Consequence of Osteoporosis. Seattle, WA: Milliman Inc; August 2019. Milliman Research Report.
2016	Shurtz BK, Agnew AM, Kang YS, Bolte JH IV. Effect of chestbands on the global response of the human thorax to frontal impact. In: Proceedings of the 12th Ohio State University Injury Biomechanics Symposium. June 5-7, 2016; Columbus, OH.
2018	Agnew AM, Murach MM, Dominguez VM, Sreedhar A, Misicka E, Harden A, Bolte JH IV, Kang Y-S, Stammen J, Moorhouse K. Sources of variability in structural bending response of pediatric and adult human ribs in dynamic frontal impacts. Proceedings of the Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 2018;62:119-192.
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2017	Compston J, Cooper A, Cooper C, Gittoes N, Gregson C, Harvey N, Hope S, Kanis JA, McCloskey EV, Poole KES, Reid DM, Selby P, Thompson F, Thurston A, Vine N; The National Osteoporosis Guideline Group (NOGG). UK clinical guideline for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Arch Osteoporos. December 2017;12(1):1-24.
2000	Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A, Jonsson B, De Laet C, Dawson A. Risk of hip fracture according to the World Health Organization criteria for osteopenia and osteoporosis. Bone. November 2000;27(5):585-590.
2002	Ito M, Nishida A, Nakamura T, Uetani M, Hayashi K. Differences of three-dimensional trabecular microstructure in osteopenic rat models caused by ovariectomy and neurectomy. Bone. April 2002;30(4):594-598.
2003	Heaney RP. Is the paradigm shifting? Bone. October 2003;33(4):457-465.
2007	Diab T, Vashishth D. Morphology, localization and accumulation of in vivo microdamage in human cortical bone. Bone. March 2007;40(3):612-618.
2007	Bolotin HH. DXA in vivo BMD methodology: an erroneous and misleading research and clinical gauge of bone mineral status, bone fragility, and bone remodelling. Bone. July 2007;41(1):138-154.
2008	Kanis JA, McCloskey EV, Johansson H, Oden A, Melton LJ III, Khaltaev N. A reference standard for the description of osteoporosis. Bone. March 2008;42(3):467-475.
2011	Tjhia CK, Odvina CV, Rao DS, Stover SM, Wang X, Fyhrie DP. Mechanical property and tissue mineral density differences among severely suppressed bone turnover (SSBT) patients, osteoporotic patients, and normal subjects. Bone. December 2011;49(6):1279-1289.
2020	McClung MR, Ebetino FH. History of risedronate. Bone. August 2020;137:115407.
2020	Cakouros D, Gronthos S. The changing epigenetic landscape of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells during aging. Bone. August 2020;137:115440.
2021	Kline GA, Morin SN, Lix LM, Leslie WD. Bone densitometry categories as a salient distracting feature in the modern clinical pathways of osteoporosis care: a retrospective 20-year cohort study. Bone. April 2021;145:115861.
2021	Li Y, Tseng W-J, de Bakker CMJ, Zhao H, Chung R, Liu XS. Peak trabecular bone microstructure predicts rate of estrogen-deficiency-induced bone loss in rats. Bone. April 2021;145:115862.
2021	Paschalis EP, Dempster DW, Gamsjaeger S, Rokidi S, Hassler N, Brozek W, Chan-Diehl FW, Klaushofer K, Taylor KA. Mineral and organic matrix composition at bone forming surfaces in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis treated with either teriparatide or zoledronic acid. Bone. April 2021;145:115848.
2021	Lee JH, Park J, Kim JH, Choi J-Y, Choi HJ, Ku EJ, Hong AR, Shin CS, Cho NH. Integrative analysis of genetic and clinical risk factors for bone loss in a Korean population. Bone. June 2021;147:115910.
2022	Goff E, Cohen A, Shane E, Recker RR, Kuhn G, Müller R. Large-scale osteocyte lacunar morphological analysis of transiliac bone in normal and osteoporotic premenopausal women. Bone. July 1, 2022;160:116424.
2022	Liu J, Watanabe K, Dabdoub SM, Lee BS, Kim D-G. Site-specific characteristics of bone and progenitor cells in control and ovariectomized rats. Bone. October 2022;163:116501.
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2020	Cui Z, Meng X, Zhuang S, Liu Z, Zhou F, Tian Y. Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and Alzheimer’s disease are not causal factors of bone mineral density: a Mendelian randomization analysis. Calcif Tiss Int. February 2020;106(2):131-146.
2020	Rendina D, D’Elia L, Evangelista M, Filippo GD, Giaquinto A, Barone B, Piccinocchi G, Prezioso D, Strazzullo P. Osteoporosis is a predictive factor for nephrolithiasis in an adult free-living caucasian population from southern italy: a longitudinal retrospective study based on a general practice database. Calcif Tiss Int. November 2020;107(5):446-452.
2007	Vashishth D. The role of the collagen matrix in skeletal fragility. Curr Osteoporos Rep. June 2007;5(2):62-66.
2016	Camacho PM, Petak SM, Binkley N, Clarke BL, Harris ST, Hurley DL, Kleerekoper M, Lewiecki EM, Miller PD, Narula HS, Pessah-Pollack R, Tangpricha V, Wimalawansa SJ, Watts NB. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis — 2016. Endocr Pract. September 1, 2016;22(suppl 4):1-42.
2020	Camacho PM, Petak SM, Binkley N, Diab DL, Eldeiry LS, Farooki A, Harris ST, Hurley DL, Kelly J, Lewiecki EM, Pessah-Pollack R, McClung M, Wimalawansa SJ, Watts NB. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/American College of Endocrinology Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: 2020 update. Endocr Pract. May 2020;26(suppl 1):1-46.
2001	Siris ES, Miller PD, Barrett-Connor E, Faulkner KG, Wehren LE, Abbott TA, Berger ML, Santora AC, Sherwood LM. Identification and fracture outcomes of undiagnosed low bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: results from the national osteoporosis risk assessment. JAMA. December 12, 2001;286(22):2815-2822.
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2003	Cauley JA, Robbins J, Chen Z, Cummings SR, Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, LeBoff M, Lewis CE, McGowan J, Neuner J, Pettinger M, Stefanick ML, Wactawski-Wende J, Watts NB; Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Effects of estrogen plus progestin on risk of fracture and bone mineral density: the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Trial. JAMA. June 4, 2003;289(13):1729-1738.
1997	Feik SA, Thomas CDL, Clement JG. Age‐related changes in cortical porosity of the midshaft of the human femur. J Anat. October 1997;191(3):407-416.
2010	Sun X, Jeon JH, Blendell J, Akkus O. Visualization of a phantom post-yield deformation process in cortical bone. J Biomech. July 20, 2010;43(10):1989-1996.
1999	Kopperdahl DL, Roberts AD, Keaveny TM. Localized damage in vertebral bone is most detrimental in regions of high strain energy density. J Biomech Eng. December 1999;121(6):622-628.
2005	Yeni YN, Christopherson GT, Dong XN, Kim D-G, Fyhrie DP. Effect of microcomputed tomography voxel size on the finite element model accuracy for human cancellous bone. J Biomech Eng. February 2005;127(1):1-8.
2010	Unnanuntana A, Gladnick BP, Donnelly E, Lane JM. The assessment of fracture risk. J Bone Joint Surg. March 2010;92A(3):743-753.
1995	Melton JL III. How many women have osteoporosis now? J Bone Miner Res. February 1995;10(2):175-177.
1997	Melton LJ III, Thamer M, Ray NF, Chan JK, Chesnut CH III, Einhorn TA, Johnston CC, Raisz LG, Silverman SL, Siris ES. Fractures attributable to osteoporosis: report from the National Osteoporosis Foundation. J Bone Miner Res. January 1997;12(1):16-23.
1997	Melton LJ III, Khosla S, Atkinson EJ, O'Fallon WM, Riggs BL. Relationship of bone turnover to bone density and fractures. J Bone Miner Res. July 1997;12(7):1083-1091.
1997	Looker AC, Orwoll ES, Johnston CC Jr, Lindsay RL, Wahner HW, Dunn WL, Calvo MS, Harris TB, Heyse SP. Prevalence of low femoral bone density in older U.S. adults from NHANES III. J Bone Miner Res. November 1997;12(11):1761-1768.
1998	Melton LJ III, Atkinson EJ, O'Connor MK, O'Fallon WM, Riggs BL. Bone density and fracture risk in men. J Bone Miner Res. December 1998;13(12):1915-1923.
2000	Klotzbuecher CM, Ross PD, Landsman PB, Abbott TA III, Berger M. Patients with prior fractures have an increased risk of future fractures: a summary of the literature and statistical synthesis. J Bone Miner Res. April 2000;15(4):721-739.
2010	Bacchetta J, Boutroy S, Vilayphiou N, Juillard L, Guebre-Egziabher F, Rognant N, Sornay-Rendu E, Szulc P, Laville M, Delmas PD, Fouque D, Chapurlat R. Early impairment of trabecular microarchitecture assessed with HR-pQCT in patients with stage II-IV chronic kidney disease. J Bone Miner Res. April 2010;25(4):849-857.
2011	Khosla S, Bellido TM, Drezner MK, Gordon CM, Harris TB, Kiel DP, Kream BE, LeBoff MS, Lian JB, Peterson CA, Rosen CJ, Williams JP, Winer KK, Sherman SS. Forum on aging and skeletal health: summary of the proceedings of an ASBMR workshop. J Bone Miner Res. November 2011;26(11):2565-2578.
2014	Iki M, Tamaki J, Kadowaki E, Sato Y, Dongmei N, Winzenrieth R, Kagamimori S, Kagawa Y, Yoneshima H. Trabecular bone score (TBS) predicts vertebral fractures in Japanese women over 10 years independently of bone density and prevalent vertebral deformity: the Japanese population-based osteoporosis (JPOS) cohort study. J Bone Miner Res. February 2014;29(2):399-407.
2015	West SL, Lok CE, Langsetmo L, Cheung AM, Szabo E, Pearce D, Fusaro M, Wald R, Weinstein J, Jamal SA. Bone mineral density predicts fractures in chronic kidney disease. J Bone Miner Res. May 2015;30(5):913-919.
2022	Pierce JL, Sharma AK, Roberts RL, Yu K, Irsik DL, Choudhary V, Dorn JS, Bensreti H, Benson RD Jr, Kaiser H, Khayrullin A, Davis C, Wehrle CJ, Johnson MH, Bollag WB, Hamrick MW, Shi X, Isales CM, McGee-Lawrence ME. The glucocorticoid receptor in osterix-expressing cells regulates bone mass, bone marrow adipose tissue, and systemic metabolism in female mice during aging. J Bone Miner Res. February 2022;37(2):285-302.
2022	Su Y, Yeung SSY, Chen Y-M, Leung JCS, Kwok TCY. The associations of dietary inflammatory potential with musculoskeletal health in Chinese community-dwelling older people: the Mr. OS and Ms. OS (Hong Kong) cohort study. J Bone Miner Res. June 2022;37(6):1179-1187.
2022	Farzi M, Pozo JM, McCloskey E, Eastell R, Harvey NC, Frangi AF, Wilkinson JM. Quantitating age-related BMD textural variation from DXA region-free-analysis: a study of hip fracture prediction in three cohorts. J Bone Miner Res. September 2022;37(9):1679-1688.
2022	Su Y, Leung JCS, Kwok TCY. Response to letter to the editor of JBMR: dietary inflammatory potential with musculoskeletal health in Chinese community-dwelling older adults. J Bone Miner Res. December 2022;37(12):2680-2681.
2020	Nethander M, Pettersson-Kymmer U, Vandenput L, Lorentzon M, Karlsson M, Mellström D, Ohlsson C. BMD-related genetic risk scores predict site-specific fractures as well as trabecular and cortical bone microstructure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. April 2020;105(4):dgaa082.
1997	Aerssens J, Boonen S, Joly J, Dequeker J. Variations in trabecular bone composition with anatomical site and age: potential implications for bone quality assessment. J Endocrinol. December 1997;155(3):411-421.
2012	Mattucci SFE, Moulton JA, Chandrashekar N, Cronin DS. Strain rate dependent properties of younger human cervical spine ligaments. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. June 2012;10:216-226.
1999	Oden ZM, Selvitelli DM, Bouxsein ML. Effect of local density changes on the failure load of the proximal femur. J Orthop Res. September 1999;17(5):661-667.
2019	Daniels AM, Theelen LMA, Wyers CE, Janzing HMJ, van Rietbergen B, Vranken L, van der Velde RY, Geusens PPMM, Kaarsemaker S, Poeze M, vanden Bergh JP. Bone microarchitecture and distal radius fracture pattern complexity. J Orthop Res. August 2019;37(8):1690-1697.
2023	Eghbali P, Becce F, Goetti P, Vauclair F, Farron A, Büchler P, Pioletti D, Terrier A. Age- and sex-specific normative values of bone mineral density in the adult glenoid. J Orthop Res. February 2023;41(2):263-270.
2023	Nia A, Jeremic N, Popp D, Schmoelz L, Patsch J, Döring K, Weber M, Synek A, Pahr DH, Aldrian S. Feasibility of aluminum phantom radiography for osteoporosis detection in postmenopausal women with a fragility fracture of the distal radius compared to DXA and HR-pQCT. J Orthop Res. August 2023;41(8):1774-1780.
2002	Kanis JA. Diagnosis of osteoporosis and assessment of fracture risk. Lancet. June 1, 2002;359(9321):1929-1936.
1994	Kanis JA; WHO Study Group. Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis: synopsis of a WHO report. Osteoporos Int. November 1994;4(6):368-381.
1998	Looker AC, Wahner HW, Dunn WL, Calvo MS, Harris TB, Heyse SP, Johnston CC Jr, Lindsay R. Updated data on proximal femur bone mineral levels of US adults. Osteoporos Int. 1998;8(5):468-489.
1999	Pols HAP, Felsenberg D, Hanley DA, Štepán J, Muñoz-Torres M, Wilkin TJ, Qin-sheng G, Galich AM, Vandormael K, Yates AJ, Stych B; Fosamax® International Trial Study Group. Multinational, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of the effects of alendronate on bone density and fracture risk in postmenopausal women with low bone mass: results of the FOSIT study. Osteoporos Int. April 1999;9(5):461-468.
2000	Kanis JA, Glüer C-C; Committee of Scientific Advisors, International Osteoporosis Foundation. An update on the diagnosis and assessment of osteoporosis with densitometry. Osteoporos Int. March 2000;11(3):192-202.
2001	Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A, Dawson A, De Laet C, Jonsson B. Ten year probabilities of osteoporotic fractures according to BMD and diagnostic thresholds. Osteoporos Int. December 2001;12(12):989-995.
2005	Kanis JA, Borgstrom F, De Laet C, Johansson H, Johnell O, Jonsson B, Oden A, Zethraeus N, Pfleger B, Khaltaev N. Assessment of fracture risk. Osteoporos Int. June 2005;16(6):581-589.
2007	Kanis JA, Oden A, Johnell O, Johansson H, De Laet C, Brown J, Burckhardt P, Cooper C, Christiansen C, Cummings S, Eisman JA, Fujiwara S, Glüer C, Goltzman D, Hans D, Krieg M-A, La Croix A, McCloskey E, Mellstrom D, Melton LJ, Pols H, Reeve J, Sanders K, Schott A-M, Silman A, Torgerson D, van Staa T, Watts NB, Yoshimura N. The use of clinical risk factors enhances the performance of BMD in the prediction of hip and osteoporotic fractures in men and women. Osteoporos Int. August 2007;18(8):1033-1046.
2008	Kanis JA, Burlet N, Cooper C, Delmas PD, Reginster J-Y, Borgstrom F, Rizzoli R; European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis (ESCEO). European guidance for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. April 2008;19(4):399-428.
2011	Vasikaran S, Eastell R, Bruyère O, Foldes AJ, Garnero P, Griesmacher A, McClung M, Morris HA, Silverman S, Trenti T, Wahl DA, Cooper C, Kanis JA; OF-IFCC Bone Marker Standards Working Group. Markers of bone turnover for the prediction of fracture risk and monitoring of osteoporosis treatment: a need for international reference standards. Osteoporos Int. February 2011;22(2):391-420.
2013	Kanis JA, McCloskey EV, Johansson H, Cooper C, Rizzoli R, Reginster J-Y; Scientific Advisory Board of the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis (ESCEO); Committee of Scientific Advisors of the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF). European guidance for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. January 2013;24(1):23-57.
2014	Cosman F, de Beur SJ, LeBoff MS, Lewiecki EM, Tanner B, Randall S, Lindsay R. Clinician’s guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. October 2014;25(10):2359-2381.
2017	Paschalis EP, Gamsjaeger S, Klaushofer K. Vibrational spectroscopic techniques to assess bone quality. Osteoporos Int. August 2017;28(8):2275-2291.
2019	Kanis JA, Cooper C, Rizzoli R, Reginster J-Y; Scientific Advisory Board of the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis (ESCEO); Committees of Scientific Advisors and National Societies of the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF). European guidance for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. January 2019;30(1):3-44.
2020	Löffler MT, Sollmann N, Mei K, Valentinitsch A, Noël PB, Kirschke JS, Baum T. X-ray-based quantitative osteoporosis imaging at the spine. Osteoporos Int. February 2020;31(2):233-250.
2020	Paggiosi MA, Debono M, Walsh JS, Peel NFA, Eastell R. Quantitative computed tomography discriminates between postmenopausal women with low spine bone mineral density with vertebral fractures and those with low spine bone mineral density only: the SHATTER study. Osteoporos Int. April 2020;31(4):667-675.
2020	Bassatne A, Harb H, Jaafar B, Romanos J, Ammar W, Fuleihan GE-H. Disease burden of osteoporosis and other non-communicable diseases in Lebanon. Osteoporos Int. September 2020;31(9):1769-1777.
2020	Adami G, Gatti D, Rossini M, Orsolini G, Pollastri F, Bertoldo E, Viapiana O, Bertoldo F, Giollo A, Fassio A. Risk of fragility fractures in obesity and diabetes: a retrospective analysis on a nation-wide cohort. Osteoporos Int. November 2020;31(11):2113-2122.
2020	Christensen DL, Nappo KE, Wolfe JA, Tropf JG, Berge MJ, Wheatley BM, Saxena S, Yow BG, Tintle SM. Ten-year fracture risk predicted by proximal femur Hounsfield units. Osteoporos Int. November 2020;31(11):2123-2130.
2021	Hsu Y, Hsieh T-J, Ho C-H, Lin C-H, Chen CK-H. Effect of compression fracture on trabecular bone score at lumbar spine. Osteoporos Int. May 2021;32(5):961-970.
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2017	Billington E. Emerging Issues in Osteoporosis [MD thesis]. Auckland, New Zealand: University of Auckland; 2017.
2019	Pierce JL. Investigating the Role of the Hdac3 Co-Repressor Complex in Glucocorticoid Signaling-Mediated Bone Marrow Lipid Storage With Age [PhD thesis]. Augusta University; October 2019.
2012	Moayyeri A. Risk Assessment for Osteoporotic Fractures Among Men and Women from a Prospective Population Study: The EPIC-Norfolk Study [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, UK: University of Cambridge; 2012.
2019	Ó Breasail M. The Quantification of Pregnancy-Induced Bone Mineral Mobilisation in the Maternal Appendicular Skeleton With Novel Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography (pQCT) Techniques [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, UK: University of Cambridge; 2019.
2013	Paietta RC. Microscale Material Properties of Bone and the Mineralized Tissues of the Intervertebral Disc-Vertebral Body Interface [PhD thesis]. Boulder, CO: University of Colorado; 2013.
2007	Cole JH. The Role of Architecture and Tissue Properties in the Structural Integrity of Human Vertebral Cancellous Bone [PhD thesis]. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University; May 2007.
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2015	Brock GR Jr. Changes in Bone Tissue Properties With Osteoporosis Treatment [PhD thesis]. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University; January 2015.
2005	Cook RB. Non-Invasively Assessed Skeletal Bone Status and Its Relationship to the Biomechanical Properties and Condition of Cancellous Bone [PhD thesis]. Cranfield, UK: Cranfield University; December 18, 2005.
2004	Rivadeneira Ramírez F. Osteoporosis: From Genes to Phenotypes [PhD thesis]. Erasmus University Rotterdam; 2004.
2005	Stauber M. Volumetric Spatial Decomposition of Porous Microstructures: A Framework for Element Based Analysis of Trabecular Bone [PhD thesis]. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich; 2005.
2007	Voide R. Functional Phenotyping of Bone: A Hierarchical Assessment of Bone Failure Characteristics [PhD thesis]. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich; 2007.
2008	Nazarian A. Relative Interaction of Material and Structure in Normal and Pathologic Bone [PhD thesis]. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich; 2008.
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2011	Lambers FM. Functional Bone Imaging in an in Vivo Mouse Model of Bone Adaptation, Aging and Disease [PhD thesis]. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich; 2011.
2022	Goff E. Osteocyte Lacunar Biomarkers in Human Rare Bone Diseases [PhD thesis]. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich; 2022.
2007	Young CM. Do in-Line Dance, Progressively Loaded Squats and Foot Stomping Affect the Parameters of Fracture Risk in Postmenopausal Women? [Master's thesis]. Brisbane, Australia: Griffith University; 2007.
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2020	Axelsson KF. Aspects of Fracture Prevention: The Role of Fracture Liaison Services and Alendronate [PhD thesis]. University of Gothenburg; 2020.
2002	Kontulainen S. Training, Detraining and Bone: Effect of Exercise on Bone Mass and Structure With Special Reference to Maintenance of the Exercise-Induced Bone Gain [PhD thesis]. University of Jyväskylä; 2002.
1996	Ford CM. Failure of the Human Proximal Femur: Material and Structural Perspectives [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; September 1996.
1999	Wilson SE. Analysis of the Forces on the Spine During a Fall With Application Towards Predicting Vertebral Fracture Risk [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; June 1999.
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2011	Wojda SJ. The Effects of Hibernation on Bone in Yellow-Bellied Marmots [Master's thesis]. Houghton, MI: Michigan Technological University; 2011.
2012	Gray SK. Treatment of Osteoporosis in a Mouse Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Using Black Bear Parathyroid Hormone [Master's thesis]. Houghton, MI: Michigan Technological University; 2012.
2017	Kreipke TC. Structural, Mechanical, and Biological Relationships of Trabecular Bone in Osteoporosis [PhD thesis]. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame; April 2017.
2011	Orchard TS. Fatty Acids and Risk of Fracture in Postmenopausal Women [PhD thesis]. The Ohio State University; 2011.
2017	Shurtz BK. Human Thoracic Response to Impact: Chestband Effects, the Strain-Deflection Relationship, and Small Females in Side Impact Crashes [PhD thesis]. The Ohio State University; 2017.
2002	Fuchs RK. The Growing Skeleton: Influence of Lifestyle and the Development of Normative Data Using DXA [PhD thesis]. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University; April 29, 2002.
2005	Pitner ND. Evaluation of the Role of Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein 5 (lrp5) in Regulating Bone Mass [PhD thesis]. Purdue University; December 2005.
2012	Sun X. Mechanically Induced Calcium Efflux from Bone Matrix Stimulates Osteoblasts [PhD thesis]. Purdue University; May 2012.
2013	Morton JJ. An Investigation of Rat Vertebra Failure Behaviour Under Uniaxial Compression Through Time-Lapsed Micro-CT Imaging [Master's thesis]. Queen's University; 2013.
2018	Driver MG. Finite Element Analysis of Cortical Shell Contributions to Apparent Stiffness and the Effect of Vascular Apertures in Rat Vertebrae Under Uniaxial Compression [Master's thesis]. Queen's University; December 2018.
2020	Doolittle ML. Dissecting the Genetic Influences on Osteoporosis Reveals Zbtb40* as a Novel Regulator of Osteoblast Function* [PhD thesis]. University of Rochester; 2020.
2005	George WT. Multiaxial Fracture Characteristics of Aging Human Bone [PhD thesis]. Troy, NY: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; April 2005.
2006	Diab T. The Role of Damage Morphology in Age-Related Increase in Bone Fragility [PhD thesis]. Troy, NY: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; 2006.
2011	Karim L. The Biomolecular Basis of Bone Fracture [PhD thesis]. Troy, NY: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; November 2011.
2018	Metcalf LM. HR-PQCT Scanning of the Human Calcaneus: Early Development and Validation of Assessment of Calcaneal Trabecular Microstructure [PhD thesis]. University of Sheffield; March 2018.
2011	Appiah-Nkansah K. Integration of Refractory Periods in the Administration of Low-Magnitude Mechanical Signals Increases Mesenchymal Stem Cell Numbers in the Bone Marrow [Master's thesis]. Stony Brook, NY: Stony Brook University; May 2011.
2009	Varga P. Prediction of Distal Radius Fracture Load Using HR-PQCT-Based Finite Element Analysis [PhD thesis]. Vienna University of Technology; December 2009.
2020	Lamprecht A. Effect of Osmotic Pressure on the Viscoelastic Properties of Cortical Bone [Master's thesis]. Vienna University of Technology; 2020.
2021	Frank M. Mechanical Characterization of Individual Trabeculae [PhD thesis]. Vienna University of Technology; February 2021.
2013	Wu Y. Compositional and Material Properties of Rat Bone After Drug Treatment [PhD thesis]. Edmonton, AB: University of Alberta; 2013.
2004	LaMothe JM. Functional Adaptation of Bone [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; September 2004.
2011	Kristensen E. The Role of Growth Hormone in the Development of Bone Microarchitecture, Craniofacial Shape and Bone Strength [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; February 2011.
2014	Nour MA. Impact of Growth Hormone on Adult Bone Quality in Turner Syndrome: A High Resolution Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography Study [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; January 2014.
2020	Michalski AS. A Quantitative Computed Tomography Approach Towards Opportunistic Osteoporosis Screening [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; March 2020.
2021	Whittier DEW. The Assessment of Fragility Fracture Risk Using HR-PQCT as a Novel Tool for Diagnosis of Osteoporosis [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; August 2021.
1998	Kopperdahl DL. Structural Consequences of Damage on the Mechanical Behavior of the Human Vertebral Body [PhD thesis]. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley, University of California; 1998.
2003	Fox JC. Biomechanics of the Proximal Femur: Role of Bone Distribution and Architecture [PhD thesis]. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley, University of California; 2003.
2008	Bevill GR. Micromechanical Modeling of Failure in Trabecular Bone [PhD thesis]. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley, University of California; 2008.
2010	Fields AJ. Trabecular Microarchitecture, Endplate Failure, and the Biomechanics of Human Vertebral Fractures [PhD thesis]. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley, University of California; 2010.
2019	Sadoughi S. Micromechanics of Human Bone: Role of Architecture and Tissue Material Properties [PhD thesis]. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley, University of California; 2019.
2012	Tjhia CKH. Bone Quality of Patients With Atypical Fractures and Severely Suppressed Bone Turnover [PhD thesis]. Davis, University of California; 2012.
2021	Cunningham HC. Bone Adaptation to Disuse in Aging Rodents: Age-Related Differences in Response to Mechanical Unloading and Subsequent Reloading [PhD thesis]. Davis, University of California; 2021.
2019	Küsters NV. Auswirkungen des Alters und der Knochenmikroarchitektur auf die trabekuläre Knochenmineralisationsdichteverteilung: Eine rasterelektronenmikroskopische Studie an 152 humanen Beckenkammbiopsien [PhD thesis]. Hamburg, Germany: Universität Hamburg; 2019.
2021	Li Y. Adaptation of Maternal Skeletal Mechano-Responsiveness, Osteocyte Microenvironment, and Bone Marrow Adipocytes in Response to Reproduction and Lactation [PhD thesis]. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania; 2021.
2009	Lee DC. Optimizations in the Assessment of Pediatric Bone [PhD thesis]. University of Southern California (USC); May 2009.
2013	Mostafa AJ. The Effect of Advadvanced Glycation Endproducts (AGES) on Bone Formation [Master's thesis]. San Antionio, TX: University of Texas at San Antonio; August 2013.
2011	Mattucci S. Strain Rate Dependent Properties of Younger Human Cervical Spine Ligaments [Master's thesis]. Waterloo, ON: University of Waterloo; 2011.
2014	Makowski AJ. Evaluation of Raman Spectroscopy for Fracture Resistance Assessment [PhD thesis]. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University; December 2014.
2001	Zhang N. Investigation of Bone Mechanical Properties At the Microscopic Level Using Ultrasonic Methods and Numerical Simulation [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; 2001.
2008	Burgers TA. Press-Fit Fixation and Viscoelastic Response of a Bone-Implant Interface in the Distal Femur [PhD thesis]. University of Wisconsin – Madison; 2008.
2016	Johnson MG. Endothelin-Converting Enzyme-1 Dependent Endothelin 1 Signaling in Osteogenesis [PhD thesis]. University of Wisconsin – Madison; 2016.

Year	Entry
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1991	Gärdsell P, Johnell O, Nilsson BE. The predictive value of bone loss for fragility fractures in women: a longitudinal study over 15 years. Calcif Tiss Int. August 1991;49(2):90-94.
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1993	Melton LJ III, Atkinson EJ, O'Fallon WM, Wahner HW, Riggs BL. Long‐term fracture prediction by bone mineral assessed at different skeletal sites. J Bone Miner Res. September 1993;8(10):1227-1233.
1985	Cummings SR, Kelsey JL, Nevitt MC, O'Dowd KJ. Epidemiology of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures. Epidemiol Rev. 1985;7:178-208.
1991	Seeley DG, Browner WS, Nevitt MC, Genant HK, Scott JC, Cummings SR; Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Which fractures are associated with low appendicular bone mass in elderly women? Ann Intern Med. December 1, 1991;115(11):837-842.
1988	Hui SL, Slemenda CW, Johnston CC Jr. Age and bone mass as predictors of fracture in a prospective study. J Clin Invest. June 1988;81(6):1804-1809.