Investigation of Inertial Properties of the Human Body

Knowledge of the anthropometric parameters of the human body is essential for understanding of cipan kinetics and particularly for the design and testing of impact protective systems. Considerable ineormation is available on the size, weight and center mass of the body and its segments. This report supplements existing information with data regarding mass distribution characteristics of the human body as described by the principal moments on inertia and their orientation to body and segment anthropometry. -The weight, center of mass location and principal moments of inertia of six cadavers were measured,. the cadavers were then segmented and the mass, center of mass, moments of inertia and volume were measured on the fourteca• segments from each cadaver. Standard and threedimensronal anthropomehtry of the body and segments was also determined.

This report describes the mathematical rationale and the techniques of measurement in detail. Results of the investigation are given as individual data values as well as summary statistics.

Keywords: Anthropometry, Biomechanics, Human body models, Moments of inertia, Human mass distribution

Year	Entry
1965	McHenry RR. Analysis of the dynamics of automobile passenger-restraint systems. In: Severy DM, ed. Proceedings of the 7th Stapp Car Crash and Field Demonstration Conference. 1963; University of California at Los Angeles. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 1965:207-249.
1972	Becker EB. Measurement of mass distribution parameters of anatomical segments. In: Proceedings of the 16th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 8-10, 1972; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:160-185. SAE 720964.
1973	Liu YK, Wickstrom JK. Estimation of the inertial property distribution of the human torso from segmented cadaveric data. In: Kenedi RM, ed. Perspectives in Biomedical Engineering: Proceedings of a Symposium Organised in Association With the Biological Engineering Society and Held in the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, June 1972. Baltimore, MD: University Park Press; 1973:203-213.
1972	Hodgson VR, Mason MW, Thomas LM. Head model for impact. In: Proceedings of the 16th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 8-10, 1972; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:1-13. SAE 720969.
1974	Reynolds HM. Measurement of the Inertial Properties of the Segmented Savannah Baboon Southern Methodist University; 1974.
1971	Robbins DH, Snyder RG, McElhaney JH, Roberts VL. A comparison between human kinematics and the predictions of mathematical crash victim simulators. In: Proceedings of the 15th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 17-19, 1971; Coronado, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:42-67. SAE 710849.

Year

Entry

1965

McHenry RR. Analysis of the dynamics of automobile passenger-restraint systems. In: Severy DM, ed. Proceedings of the 7th Stapp Car Crash and Field Demonstration Conference. 1963; University of California at Los Angeles. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 1965:207-249.

1972

Becker EB. Measurement of mass distribution parameters of anatomical segments. In: Proceedings of the 16th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 8-10, 1972; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:160-185. SAE 720964.

1973

Liu YK, Wickstrom JK. Estimation of the inertial property distribution of the human torso from segmented cadaveric data. In: Kenedi RM, ed. Perspectives in Biomedical Engineering: Proceedings of a Symposium Organised in Association With the Biological Engineering Society and Held in the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, June 1972. Baltimore, MD: University Park Press; 1973:203-213.

1972

Hodgson VR, Mason MW, Thomas LM. Head model for impact. In: Proceedings of the 16th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 8-10, 1972; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:1-13. SAE 720969.

1974

Reynolds HM. Measurement of the Inertial Properties of the Segmented Savannah Baboon Southern Methodist University; 1974.

1971

Robbins DH, Snyder RG, McElhaney JH, Roberts VL. A comparison between human kinematics and the predictions of mathematical crash victim simulators. In: Proceedings of the 15th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 17-19, 1971; Coronado, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:42-67. SAE 710849.

Year	Entry
2011	Barker DJ, Albery C. Neck Fatigue and Comfort Effects Due to the Extended Wear of Law Enforcement Representative Head-Borne Personal Protective Equipment. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Development And Engineering Command, U.S. Army Research, Chemical Biological Center, Edgewood; July 2011. Report No. ECBC-TR-825.
1980	McConville JT, Churchill TD, Kaleps I, Clauser CE, Cuzzi J. Anthropometric Relationships of Body and Body Segment Moments of Inertia. Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio: Air Force Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory; December 1980. Report No. AFAMRL-TR-80-119.
2010	Roush GC. Finding Cadaveric Human Head Masses and Center of Gravity: A Comparison of Direct Measurement to 3D Modeling [Master's thesis]. Dayton, OH: Wright State University; 2010.
1986	Settecerri JJ, McKenzie J, Privitzer E, Beecher RM. Mass properties and inertial loading effects of head encumbering devices. In: Proceedings of the 24th Annual Safe Association Symposium. December 1986; San Antonio, TX.276-282. Report No. AAMRL-TR-88-044.
1999	Vaughan CL, Davis BL, O'Connor JC. Dynamics of Human Gait. 2nd ed. Cape Town, South Africa: Kiboho Publishers; 1999.
2003	Albery C, Whitestone JJ. Comparison of cadaveric human head mass properties: mechanical measurement vs. calculation from medical imaging. In: Proceedings of the 31st International Workshop on Human Subjects for Biomechanical Research. October 23, 2003; San Diego, CA.157-171.
2011	Yue N, Shin J, Untaroiu CD. Blunt injury response of occupant lower extremity during automotive crashes: a finite element study. In: Proceedings of the 39th International Workshop on Human Subjects for Biomechanical Research. 2011.
1980	Laananen DH. Human body simulations for analysis of aircraft crash survivability. In: Proceedings of the 1980 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 9-11, 1980; Birmingham, England.95-106.
2011	Yue N, Shin J, Untaroiu CD. Development and validation of an occupant lower limb finite element model. In: Proceedings of the SAE World Congress & Exhibition. April 12-14, 2011; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE 2011-11-1128.
1984	Alem NM, Nusholtz GS, Melvin JW. Head and neck response to axial impacts. In: Proceedings of the 28th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 6-7, 1984; Chicago, IL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:275-288. SAE 841667.
2005	Untaroiu C, Darvish K, Crandall J, Deng B, Wang J-T. A finite element model of the lower limb for simulating pedestrian impacts. Stapp Car Crash J. 2005;49:157-181. SAE 2005-22-0008.
2013	Untaroiu CD, Yue N, Shin J. A finite element model of the lower limb for simulating automotive impacts. Ann Biomed Eng. March 2013;41(3):513-526.
2000	Neptune RR, Wright IC, van den Bogert AJ. A method for numerical simulation of single limb ground contact events: application to heel-toe running. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Eng. 2000;3(4):321-334.
1986	Brand RA, Pedersen DR, Friederich JA. The sensitivity of muscle force predictions to changes in physiologic cross-sectional area. J Biomech. 1986;19(8):589-596.
1990	Yeadon MR. The simulation of aerial movement, II: a mathematical inertia model of the human body. J Biomech. 1990;23(1):67-74.
1990	Hinrichs RN. Adjustments to the segment center of mass proportions of Clauser et al. (1969). J Biomech. 1990;23(9):949-951.
1996	de Leva P. Adjustments to Zatsiorsky-Seluyanov's segment inertia parameters. J Biomech. September 1996;29(9):1223-1230.
1997	Glitsch U, Baumann W. The three-dimensional determination of internal loads in the lower extremity. J Biomech. November–December 1997;30(11-12):1123-1131.
2001	Neptune RR, Kautz SA, Zajac FE. Contributions of the individual ankle plantar flexors to support, forward progression and swing initiation during walking. J Biomech. November 2001;34(11):1387-1398.
2009	Yoganandan N, Pintar FA, Zhang J, Baisden JL. Physical properties of the human head: mass, center of gravity and moment of inertia. J Biomech. June 19, 2009;42(9):1177-1192.
1979	Mohan D, Bowman BM, Snyder RG, Foust DR. A biomechanical analysis of head impact injuries to children. J Biomech Eng. November 1979;101(4):250-260.
1984	Njus GO, Liu YK, Nye TA. The inertial and geometrical properties of helmets. Med Sci Sports Exer. October 1984;16(5):498-505.
2015	Kim M. Ankle Controller Design for Robotic Ankle-Foot Prostheses to Reduce Balance-Related Effort During Walking Using a Dynamic Walking Approach [PhD thesis]. Carnegie Mellon University; December 2015.
2015	Myers CA. Probabilistic Musculoskeletal Simulation Methods to Address Intersegmental Dependencies of the Knee, Hip, and Spine [PhD thesis]. University of Denver; June 2015.
1999	Gillette JC. A Three-Dimensional, Dynamic Model of the Human Body for Lifting Motions [PhD thesis]. Iowa State University; 1999.
2002	Budihardjo I. Studies of Compressive Forces on L5/S1 During Dynamic Manual Lifting [PhD thesis]. Iowa State University; 2002.
1984	Yeadon MR. The Mechanics of Twisting Somersaults [PhD thesis]. Loughborough University; December 1984.
2008	Himmetoglu S. Car Seat Design and Human-Body Modelling for Rear Impact Whiplash Mitigation [PhD thesis]. Loughborough, UK: Loughborough University; 2008.
1988	Verstraete MC. A Method for Computing the Three-Dimensional Forces and Moments in the Lower Limb During Locomotion [PhD thesis]. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University; 1988.
1993	Patton JL. Forward Dynamic Modeling of Human Locomotion [Master's thesis]. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University; 1993.
2006	Bauer JJ. Defining Intensity of Skeletal Loading in Children [PhD thesis]. Corvalis, OR: Oregon State University; June 2006.
2008	Fetchen DiCesaro S. Biomechanical Differences of the Lower Extremity During a Landing and Jumping Task in Prepubescent Girls and Boys [PhD thesis]. University of Pittsburgh; 2008.
1980	Williams KR. A Biomechanical and Physiological Evaluation of Running Efficiency [PhD thesis]. State College, PA: Pennsylvania State University; November 1980.
1982	Hinrichs RN. Upper Extremity Function in Running [PhD thesis]. State College, PA: Pennsylvania State University; 1982.
1990	Buczek FL Jr. Three-Dimensional Kinematics and Kinetics of the Ankle and Knee Joints During Uphill, Level, and Downhill Walking [PhD thesis]. State College, PA: Pennsylvania State University; May 1990.
2002	Henley JD. A Kinematic and Kinetic Analysis of Postural Perturbation [PhD thesis]. State College, PA: Pennsylvania State University; May 2002.
2015	Kudzia P. Estimating Body Segment Inertial Parameters of the Human Body Using a Microsoft Kinect [Master's thesis]. Queen's University; October 2015.
1998	Wright IC. A Simulation Study of the Contribution of Several Factors to Ankle Sprain Susceptibility [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; December 1998.
2009	Hettinga BA. Development of a Forward Simulation Model of the Speed Skating Push-Off for the Optimization of Subject Specific Klapskate Design [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; September 2009.
2016	Nichols JK. The Development of a Low-Cost Motion Capture System for Quantitative Clinical Assessments [PhD thesis]. Los Angeles (UCLA), University of California; 2016.
1996	Derrick TR. Impact Shock Attenuation During Running [PhD thesis]. University of Massachusetts at Amherst; September 1996.
2002	Moga PJ. On the Relation Between Thoracic Kyphosis, Athletic Training, Hamstring Shortness, and Anthropometry in the Developing Spine [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 2002.
2001	Black NL. Mechanical Energy Measurement Applied to Upper Limb Powered Prostheses [PhD thesis]. University of New Brunswick; May 2001.
1999	Ledoux WR II. A Biomechanical Model of the Human Foot With Emphasis on the Plantar Soft Tissue [PhD thesis]. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania; 1999.
2005	Untaroiu CD. Development and Validation of a Finite Element Model of Human Lower Limb: Including Detailed Geometry, Physical Material Properties, and Component Validations for Pedestrian Injuries [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; May 2005.
2011	Matrangola SL. An Experimental and Simulation Based Approach Toward Understanding the Effects of Obesity on Balance Recovery from a Postural Perturbation [PhD thesis]. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; September 8, 2011.

Year

Entry

2011

Barker DJ, Albery C. Neck Fatigue and Comfort Effects Due to the Extended Wear of Law Enforcement Representative Head-Borne Personal Protective Equipment. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Development And Engineering Command, U.S. Army Research, Chemical Biological Center, Edgewood; July 2011. Report No. ECBC-TR-825.

1980

McConville JT, Churchill TD, Kaleps I, Clauser CE, Cuzzi J. Anthropometric Relationships of Body and Body Segment Moments of Inertia. Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio: Air Force Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory; December 1980. Report No. AFAMRL-TR-80-119.

2010

Roush GC. Finding Cadaveric Human Head Masses and Center of Gravity: A Comparison of Direct Measurement to 3D Modeling [Master's thesis]. Dayton, OH: Wright State University; 2010.

1986

Settecerri JJ, McKenzie J, Privitzer E, Beecher RM. Mass properties and inertial loading effects of head encumbering devices. In: Proceedings of the 24th Annual Safe Association Symposium. December 1986; San Antonio, TX.276-282. Report No. AAMRL-TR-88-044.

1999

Vaughan CL, Davis BL, O'Connor JC. Dynamics of Human Gait. 2nd ed. Cape Town, South Africa: Kiboho Publishers; 1999.