The prediction of thoracic impact injuries

Robbins, D. H.; Melvin, J. W.; Stalnaker, R. L.

Affiliations

¹Highway Safety Research Institute, The University of Michigan

Abstract

This paper presents the concepts and first group of test results from a project designed to:

Quantify thoracic impact response using cadaver and baboon subjects;
Compile analytical functions relating thoracic kinematic response to injuries observed in the experiments; and,
Define performance specifications insuring response fidelity between human and surrogate thoraxes. The experiments, which vary G-level, velocity, and direction of impact, utilize restraint systems including belts, airbags, and EA-columns. Resulting injuries are recorded at autopsy and an AIS rating assigned. Using the kinematic accelerometer data, injury-predictive functions are generated using statistical regression procedures. The utilization of project results in developing performance specifications for surrogate thoraxes is discussed in conclusion.

Links

DOI: 10.4271/760822

SAE: 760822

Cited By (30)

Year	Entry
1992	Cavanaugh J, Zhu Y, King AI. Biomechanical response and injury tolerance of the thorax in seventeen cadaveric side impacts. In: Proceedings of the 2nd Injury Prevention Through Biomechanics Symposium. April 10-11, 1992; Detroit, MI.81-105.
2002	Cavanaugh JM. Biomechanics of thoracic trauma. In: Nahum AM, Melvin JW, eds. Accidental Injury: Biomechanics and Prevention. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 2002:374-404.
2015	Cavanaugh JM, Yoganandan N. Thorax injury biomechanics. In: Yoganandan N, Nahum AM, Melvin JW, eds. Accidental Injury: Biomechanics and Prevention. 3rd ed. New York: Springer; 2015:331-372.
1989	Schneider LW, King AI, Beebe MS. Design Requirements and Specifications: Thorax-Abdomen Development Task: Interim Report: Trauma Assessment Device Development Program. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Traffic Research Institute (UMTRI); November 1989. UMTRI Publication UMTRI 89-20.
1994	Zobel R, Herrmann R, Wittmüß A, Zeidler F. Prediction of thoracic injuries by means of accclerations, deflections and the viscous criteria derived from full-scale side-impacts. In: Proceedings of the 14th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 23-26, 1994; Munich, Germany.78-88.
1994	Kallieris D, Boggasch F, Mattern R. Protection for the thorax injury severity in the 90-degree lateral collision. In: Proceedings of the 14th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 23-26, 1994; Munich, Germany.89-99.
1996	Kallieris D, Rizzetti A, Wirên Bv, Mattern R. The influence of force limiter to the injury severity by using a 3-point belt and driver air bag in frontal collisions. In: Proceedings of the 15th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 13-16, 1996; Melbourne, Australia.456-464.
1976	Melvin JW, Robbins DH, Stalnaker RL. Side impact response and injury. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). October 12-15, 1976; Washington, D.C.681-689.
1979	Tarrière C, Walfisch G, Fayon A, Rosey JP, Got C, Patel A, Delmas A. Synthesis of human tolerances obtained from lateral impact simulations. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). June 5, 1979; Paris, France.359-373.
1980	Fayon A, Tarrière C, Walfisch G, Duprey M, Balthazard M. Development and performances of the APR dummy (APROD). In: Proceedings of the 8th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). October 21-24, 1980; Wolfsburg, Germany.451-462.
1980	Mellander H, Bohlin N. A comparison between different dummies in car to car side impacts. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). October 21-24, 1980; Wolfsburg, Germany.482-514.
1982	Hue B, Tarrière C, Leung YC, Fayon A, Got C, Patel A. Injury criteria in lateral collisions when an APROD dummy is used. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). November 1-4, 1982; Kyoto, Japan.314-320.
1977	Melvin JW, Robbins DH, Stalnaker RL, Eppinger RH. Prediction of multidirectional thoracic impact injuries. In: Proceedings of the 1977 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 7-9, 1977; Berlin, Germany.281-285.
1978	Dejeammes M, Quincy R, Biard R, Billault P, Tisseron C. Restraint system study with a living subject: methodology and results on three point belt restraint. In: Proceedings of the 1978 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 12-13, 1978; Lyon, France.245-260.
1978	Fayon A, Tarriere C, Sacreste J, Got C, Patel A. Methods for backing-up the conclusions of accident reconstructions carried out with instrumented cadavers. In: Proceedings of the 1978 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 12-13, 1978; Lyon, France.220-233.
1987	Kallieris D, Schmidt G, Mattern R. Vertebral column injuries in 90-degrees collisions: a study with post-mortem human subjects. In: Proceedings of the 1987 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 8-10, 1987; Birmingham, UK.189-202.
1988	Friedel B, Glaeser K-P. The application of statistical methods in biomechanical research. In: Proceedings of the 1988 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 14-16, 1988; Bergisch-Gladbach, West Germany.1-21.
1995	Kallieris D, Rizzetti A, Mattern R. The biofidelity of Hybrid III dummies. In: Proceedings of the 1995 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 13-15, 1995; Brunnen, Switzerland.135-154.
1999	Prasad P. Biomechanical basis for injury criteria used in crashworthiness regulations. In: Proceedings of the 1999 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 23-24, 1999; Sitges, Spain.1-14.
2001	Shaw G, Kent R, Sieveka E, Crandall J. Spinal kinematics of restrained occupants in frontal impacts. In: Proceedings of the 2001 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. October 10-12, 2001; Isle of Man, UK.
1978	Eppinger RH, Augustyn K, Robbins DH. Development of a promising universal thoracic trauma prediction methodology. In: Proceedings of the 22nd Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 24-26, 1978; Ann Arobor, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:211-268. SAE 780891.
1978	Walsh MJ, Kelleher BJ. Evaluation of air cushion and belt restraint systems in identical crash situations using dummies and cadavera. In: Proceedings of the 22nd Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 24-26, 1978; Ann Arobor, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:295-339. SAE 780893.
1983	Nusholtz GS, Melvin JW, Lux P. The influence of impact energy and direction on thoracic response. In: Proceedings of the 27th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 17-19, 1983; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:69-94. SAE 831606.
1994	Morgan RM, Eppinger RH, Haffner MP, Yoganandan N, Pintar FA, Sances A, Crandall JR, Pilkey WD, Klopp GS, Kallieris D, Miltner E, Mattern R, Kuppa SM, Sharpless CL. Thoracic trauma assessment formulations for restrained drivers in simulated frontal impacts. In: Proceedings of the 38th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 31–November 2, 1994; Fort Lauderdale, FL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:15-34. SAE 942206.
1994	Kallieris D, Stein KM, Mattern R, Morgan R, Eppinger R. The performance of active and passive driver restraint systems in simulated frontal collisions. In: Proceedings of the 38th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 31–November 2, 1994; Fort Lauderdale, FL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:165-175. SAE 942216.
2012	Cutcliffe HC, Schmidt AL, Lucas JE, Bass CRD. How few? Bayesian statistics in injury biomechanics. Stapp Car Crash J. October 2012;56:349-386.
1978	Huelke DF, Mendelsohn RA, States JD, Melvin JW. Cervical fractures and fracture-dislocations sustained without head impact. J Trauma. 1978;18(7):533-538.
2010	Hallman JJ. Detrimental Thoracoabdominal Interaction With Lateral Airbag Restraints [PhD thesis]. Wilwaukee, WI: Marquette University; December 2010.
2005	Forbes PA. Development of a Human Body Model for the Analysis of Side Impact Automotive Thoracic Trauma [Master's thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2005.
1998	Chung J. Experimental Study of Biomechanical Responses and Injury Mechanisms in Lateral Velocity Pulse Impacts [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; 1998.