An improved technique for determining hardness and elastic modulus using load and displacement sensing indentation experiments

Oliver, W. C.; Pharr, G. M.

Year	Entry
2001	Herbert EG, Pharr GM, Oliver WC, Lucas BN, Hay JL. On the measurement of stress–strain curves by spherical indentation. Thin Solid Films. November 2001;389-399:331-335.
2011	Jiroušek O, Němeček J, Kytýř D, Kunecký J, Zlámal P, Doktor T. Nanoindentation of trabecular bone: comparison with uniaxial testing of single trabecula. Chem Listy. 2011;105(suppl 5):s668-s671.
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2021	Qian T, Chen X, Hang F, Zhuang J, Chen X. Ordered fibril arrays in osteons promote the multidirectional nanodeflection of cracks: in situ AFM imaging. ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2021;7:2372-2382.
2018	Makuch AM, Skalski KR. Human cancellous bone mechanical properties and penetrator geometry in nanoindentation tests. Acta Bioeng Biomech. 2018;20(3):153-164.
2008	Lau A, Oyen ML, Kent RW, Murakami D, Torigaki T. Indentation stiffness of aging human costal cartilage. Acta Biomater. 2008;4(1):97-103.
2008	Akhtar R, Daymond MR, Almer JD, Mummery PM. Elastic strains in antler trabecular bone determined by synchrotron x-ray diffraction. Acta Biomater. 2008;4(6):1677-1687.
2017	Schwiedrzik J, Taylor A, Casari D, Wolfram U, Zysset P, Michler J. Nanoscale deformation mechanisms and yield properties of hydrated bone extracellular matrix. Acta Biomater. September 15, 2017;60:302.
2018	Wu D, Isaksson P, Ferguson SJ, Persson C. Young’s modulus of trabecular bone at the tissue level: a review. Acta Biomater. September 15, 2018;78:1.
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2021	Bonithon R, Kao AP, Fernández MP, Dunlop JN, Blunn GW, Witte F, Tozzi G. Multi-scale mechanical and morphological characterisation of sintered porous magnesium-based scaffolds for bone regeneration in critical-sized defects. Acta Biomater. June 2021;127:338-352.
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2020	Wölfel EM, Jähn-Rickert K, Schmidt FN, Wulff B, Mushumba H, Sroga GE, Püschel K, Milovanovic P, Amling M, Campbell GM, Vashishth D, Busse B. Individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus show dimorphic and heterogeneous patterns of loss in femoral bone quality. Bone. November 2020;140:115556.
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2021	Singleton RC, Pharr GM, Nyman JS. Increased tissue-level storage modulus and hardness with age in male cortical bone and its association with decreased fracture toughness. Bone. July 2021;148:115949.
2022	Ozasa R, Saito M, Ishimoto T, Matsugaki A, Matsumoto Y, Nakano T. Combination treatment with ibandronate and eldecalcitol prevents osteoporotic bone loss and deterioration of bone quality characterized by nano-arrangement of the collagen/apatite in an ovariectomized aged rat model. Bone. April 2022;157:116309.
2022	Stephen SJ, Bailey S, D'Erminio DN, Krishnamoorthy D, Iatridis JC, Vashishth D. Bone matrix quality in a developing high-fat diet mouse model is altered by RAGE deletion. Bone. September 2022;162:116470.
2022	Wölfel EM, Fiedler IAK, Dragoun Kolibova S, Krug J, Lin M-C, Yazigi B, Siebels AK, Mushumba H, Wulff B, Ondruschka B, Püschel K, Glüer CC, Jähn-Rickert K, Busse B. Human tibial cortical bone with high porosity in type 2 diabetes mellitus is accompanied by distinctive bone material properties. Bone. December 2022;165:116546.
2005	Busa B, Miller LM, Rubin CT, Qin Y-X, Judex S. Rapid establishment of chemical and mechanical properties during lamellar bone formation. Calcif Tiss Int. December 2005;77(6):386-394.
2008	Nazarian A, von Stechow D, Zurakowski D, Müller R, Snyder BD. Bone volume fraction explains the variation in strength and stiffness of cancellous bone affected by metastatic cancer and osteoporosis. Calcif Tiss Int. December 2008;83(6):368-379.
2010	Donnelly E, Chen DX, Boskey AL, Baker SP, van der Meulen MCH. Contribution of mineral to bone structural behavior and tissue mechanical properties. Calcif Tiss Int. November 2010;87(5):450-460.
2012	Spiesz EM, Roschger P, Zysset PK. Influence of mineralization and microporosity on tissue elasticity: experimental and numerical investigation on mineralized turkey leg tendons. Calcif Tiss Int. 2012;90(4):319-329.
2020	Mieczkowska A, Millar P, Chappard D, Gault VA, Mabilleau G. Dapagliflozin and liraglutide therapies rapidly enhanced bone material properties and matrix biomechanics at bone formation site in a type 2 diabetic mouse model. Calcif Tiss Int. September 2020;107(3):281-293.
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2001	Hengsberger S, Kulik A, Zysset P. A combined atomic force microscopy and nanoindentation technique to investigate the elastic properties of bone structural units. Eur Cell Mater. January–June 2001;1:12-17.
2004	Angker L, Nijhof N, Swain MV, Kilpatrick NM. Influence of hydration and mechanical characterization of carious primary dentine using an ultra-micro indentation system (umis). Euro J Oral Sci. 2004;112(3):231-236.
2020	Pepe V, Oliviero S, Cristofolini L, Dall’Ara E. Regional nanoindentation properties in different locations on the mouse tibia from C57BL/6 and Balb/C female mice. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. May 15, 2020;8:478.
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2001	Zioupos P. Ageing human bone: factors affecting its biomechanical properties and the role of collagen. J Biomater Appl. January 2001;15(3):187-229.
1999	Turner CH, Rho J, Takano Y, Tsui TY, Pharr GM. The elastic properties of trabecular and cortical bone tissues are similar: results from two microscopic measurement techniques. J Biomech. April 1999;32(4):437-441.
1999	Zysset PK, Guo XE, Hoffler CE, Moore KE, Goldstein SA. Elastic modulus and hardness of cortical and trabecular bone lamellae measured by nanoindentation in the human femur. J Biomech. October 1999;32(10):1005-1012.
2002	Rho JY, Zioupos P, Currey JD, Pharr GM. Microstructural elasticity and regional heterogeneity in human femoral bone of various ages examined by nano-indentation. J Biomech. February 2002;35(2):189-198.
2002	Habelitz S, Marshall GW Jr, Balooch M, Marshall SJ. Nanoindentation and storage of teeth. J Biomech. July 2002;35(7):995-998.
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2007	Chevalier Y, Pahr D, Allmer H, Charlebois M, Zysset P. Validation of a voxel-based FE method for prediction of the uniaxial apparent modulus of human trabecular bone using macroscopic mechanical tests and nanoindentation. J Biomech. 2007;40(15):3333-3340.
2008	Zhang J, Niebur GL, Ovaert TC. Mechanical property determination of bone through nano- and micro-indentation testing and finite element simulation. J Biomech. 2008;41(2):267-275.
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2010	Wolfram U, Wilke H-J, Zysset PK. Valid μ finite element models of vertebral trabecular bone can be obtained using tissue properties measured with nanoindentation under wet conditions. J Biomech. 2010;43(9):1731-1737.
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2010	Smith LJ, Schirer JP, Fazzalari NL. The role of mineral content in determining the micromechanical properties of discrete trabecular bone remodeling packets. J Biomech. December 1, 2010;43(16):3144-3149.
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2011	Burket J, Gourion-Arsiquaud S, Havill LM, Baker SP, Boskey AL, van der Meulen MCH. Microstructure and nanomechanical properties in osteons relate to tissue and animal age. J Biomech. January 11, 2011;44(2):277-284.
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2011	Bi X, Patil CA, Lynch CC, Pharr GM, Mahadevan-Jansen A, Nyman JS. Raman and mechanical properties correlate at whole bone- and tissue-levels in a genetic mouse model. J Biomech. January 11, 2011;44(2):297-303.
2011	Feng L, Jasiuk I. Multi-scale characterization of swine femoral cortical bone. J Biomech. January 11, 2011;44(2):313-320.
2011	Forman JL, Kent RW. Modeling costal cartilage using local material properties with consideration for gross heterogeneities. J Biomech. March 15, 2011;44(5):910-916.
2011	Willems NMBK, Mulder L, Bank RA, Grünheid T, Toonder JMJd, Zentner A, Langenbach GEJ. Determination of the relationship between collagen cross-links and the bone–tissue stiffness in the porcine mandibular condyle. J Biomech. April 7, 2011;44(6):1132-1136.
2011	Wu Z, Baker TA, Ovaert TC, Niebur GL. The effect of holding time on nanoindentation measurements of creep in bone. J Biomech. April 7, 2011;44(6):2055-2062.
2011	Carnelli D, Lucchini R, Ponzoni M, Contro R, Vena P. Nanoindentation testing and finite element simulations of cortical bone allowing for anisotropic elastic and inelastic mechanical response. J Biomech. July 7, 2011;44(10):1852-1858.
2012	Feng L, Chittenden M, Schirer J, Dickinson M, Jasiuk I. Mechanical properties of porcine femoral cortical bone measured by nanoindentation. J Biomech. June 26, 2012;45(10):1775-1782.
2014	Faingold A, Cohen SR, Shahar R, Weiner S, Rapoport L, Wagner HD. The effect of hydration on mechanical anisotropy, topography and fibril organization of the osteonal lamellae. J Biomech. January 22, 2014;47(2):367-372.
2023	Soukup JW, Jeffery J, Drizin SR, Hetzel SJ, Stone DS, Eriten M, Ploeg H-L, Henak CR. Correlation of mineral density and elastic modulus of dog dentin using μ-CT and nanoindentation. J Biomech. January 2023;147:111434.
2023	Jerban S, Afsahi AM, Ma Y, Moazamian D, Statum S, Lombardi AF, Kakos L, Dorthe E, Dlima D, Du J, Chung CB, Chang EY. Correlations between elastic modulus and ultrashort echo time (UTE) adiabatic T1ρ relaxation time (UTE-Adiab-T1ρ) in Achilles tendons and entheses. J Biomech. November 2023;160:111825.
2005	Hoffler CE, Guo XE, Zysset PK, Goldstein SA. An application of nanoindentation technique to measure bone tissue lamellae properties. J Biomech Eng. January 2005;127(7):1046-1053.
2009	Franzoso G, Zysset PK. Elastic anisotropy of human cortical bone secondary osteons measured by nanoindentation. J Biomech Eng. February 2009;131(2):021001.
2010	Carnelli D, Gastaldi D, Sassi V, Contro R, Ortiz C, Vena P. A finite element model for direction-dependent mechanical response to nanoindentation of cortical bone allowing for anisotropic post-yield behavior of the tissue. J Biomech Eng. August 2010;132(8):081008.
2001	Swadener JG, Rho J, Pharr GM. Effects of anisotropy on elastic moduli measured by nanoindentation in human tibial cortical bone. J Biomed Mater Res. October 2001;57(1):108-112.
1999	Roy ME, Rho J-Y, Tsui TY, Evans ND, Pharr GM. Mechanical and morphological variation of the human lumbar vertebral cortical and trabecular bone. J Biomed Mater Res. February 1999;A44(2):191-197.
1999	Rho J-Y, Roy ME II, Tsui TY, Pharr GM. Elastic properties of microstructural components of human bone tissue as measured by nanoindentation. J Biomed Mater Res. 1999;A45(1):48-54.
2003	Fan Z, Rho J-Y. Effects of viscoelasticity and time-dependent plasticity on nanoindentation measurements of human cortical bone. J Biomed Mater Res. October 1, 2003;A67(1):208-214.
2006	Donnelly E, Baker SP, Boskey AL, van der Meulen MC. Effects of surface roughness and maximum load on the mechanical properties of cancellous bone measured by nanoindentation. J Biomed Mater Res. May 2006;A77(2):426-435.
2008	Mulder L, Koolstra JH, den Toonder JMJ, van Eijden TMGJ. Relationship between tissue stiffness and degree of mineralization of developing trabecular bone. J Biomed Mater Res. February 2008;A84(2):508-515.
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2008	Lewis G, Nyman JS. The use of nanoindentation for characterizing the properties of mineralized hard tissues: state-of-the art review. J Biomed Mater Res. October 2008;B87(1):286-301.
2000	Kinney JH, Haupt DL, Balooch M, Ladd AJC, Ryaby JT, Lane NE. Three‐dimensional morphometry of the L6 vertebra in the ovariectomized rat model of osteoporosis: biomechanical implications. J Bone Miner Res. October 2000;15(10):1981-1991.
2004	Bushby AJ, Ferguson VL, Boyde A. Nanoindentation of bone: comparison of specimens tested in liquid and embedded in polymethylmethacrylate. J Bone Miner Res. January 2004;19(1):249-259.
2007	Miller LM, Little W, Schirmer A, Sheik F, Busa B, Judex S. Accretion of bone quantity and quality in the developing mouse skeleton. J Bone Miner Res. July 2007;22(7):1037-1045.
2009	Gourion‐Arsiquaud S, Burket JC, Havill LM, DiCarlo E, Doty SB, Mendelsohn R, van der Meulen MCH, Boskey AL. Spatial variation in osteonal bone properties relative to tissue and animal age. J Bone Miner Res. July 2009;24(7):1271-1281.
2012	Bala Y, Depalle B, Farlay D, Douillard T, Meille S, Follet H, Chapurlat R, Chevalier J, Boivin G. Bone micromechanical properties are compromised during long-term alendronate therapy independently of mineralization. J Bone Miner Res. April 2012;27(4):825-834.
2020	Gobron B, Bouvard B, Vyavahare S, Blom LV, Pedersen KK, Windeløv JA, Boer GA, Harada N, Zhang S, Shimazu‐Kuwahara S, Wice B, Inagaki N, Legrand E, Flatt PR, Chappard D, Hartmann B, Holst JJ, Rosenkilde MM, Irwin N, Mabilleau G. Enteroendocrine K cells exert complementary effects to control bone quality and mass in mice. J Bone Miner Res. July 2020;35(7):1363-1374.
2022	Damrath JG, Moe SM, Wallace JM. Calcimimetics alter periosteal and perilacunar bone matrix composition and material properties in early chronic kidney disease. J Bone Miner Res. July 2022;37(7):1297-1306.
2023	Lekkala S, Sacher SE, Taylor EA, Williams RM, Moseley KF, Donnelly E. Increased advanced glycation endproducts, stiffness, and hardness in iliac crest bone from postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus on insulin. J Bone Miner Res. February 2023;38(2):261-277.
2023	Agarwal S, McMahon DJ, Chen J, Brossfield AV, Fernando J, Bilezikian JP, Cusano NE, Rubin MR. The clinical and skeletal effects of long-term therapy of hypoparathyroidism with rhPTH(1-84). J Bone Miner Res. April 2023;38(4):480-492.
2023	Vahidi G, Moody M, Welhaven HD, Davidson L, Rezaee T, Behzad R, Karim L, Roggenbeck BA, Walk ST, Martin SA, June RK, Heveran CM. Germ-free C57BL/6 mice have increased bone mass and altered matrix properties but not decreased bone fracture resistance. J Bone Miner Res. August 2023;38(8):1154-1174.
2001	Rho JY, Currey JD, Zioupos P, Pharr GM. The anisotropic Young's modulus of equine secondary osteones and interstitial bone determined by nanoindentation. J Exp Biol. May 2001;204(10):1775-1781.
2005	Bruet BJF, Qi H., Boyce MC, Panas R, Tai K, Frick L, Ortiz C. Nanoscale morphology and indentation of individual nacre tablets from the gastropod mollusc Trochus niloticus. J Mater Res. September 2005;20(9):2400-2419.
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1999	Rho J-Y, Pharr GM. Effects of drying on the mechanical properties of bovine femur measured by nanoindentation. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 1999;10(8):485-488.
2005	Tai K, Qi HJ, Ortiz C. Effect of mineral content on the nanoindentation properties and nanoscale deformation mechanisms of bovine tibial cortical bone. J Mater Sci Mater Med. October 2005;16(10):947-959.
2011	Pathak S, Swadener JG, Kalidindi SR, Courtland H-W, Jepsen KJ, Goldman HM. Measuring the dynamic mechanical response of hydrated mouse bone by nanoindentation. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. January 2011;4(1):34-43.
2011	Lahiri D, Singh V, Benaduce AP, Seal S, Kos L, Agarwal A. Boron nitride nanotube reinforced hydroxyapatite composite: mechanical and tribological performance and in-vitro biocompatibility to osteoblasts. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. January 2011;4(1):44-56.
2011	Szabó ME, Zekonyte J, Katsamenis OL, Taylor M, Thurner PJ. Similar damage initiation but different failure behavior in trabecular and cortical bone tissue. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. November 2011;4(8):1787-1796.
2012	Faingold A, Cohen SR, Wagner HD. Nanoindentation of osteonal bone lamellae. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. May 2012;9:198-206.
2012	Spiesz EM, Roschger P, Zysset PK. Elastic anisotropy of uniaxial mineralized collagen fibers measured using two-directional indentation: effects of hydration state and indentation depth. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. August 2012;12:20-28.
2012	Pathak S, Vachhani SJ, Jepsen KJ, Goldman HM, Kalidindi SR. Assessment of lamellar level properties in mouse bone utilizing a novel spherical nanoindentation data analysis method. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. September 2012;13:102-117.
2019	Molino G, Dalpozzi A, Ciapetti G, Lorusso M, Novara C, Cavallo M, Baldini N, Giorgis F, Fiorilli S, Vitale-Brovarone C. Osteoporosis-related variations of trabecular bone properties of proximal human humeral heads at different scale lengths. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. December 2019;100:103373.
2020	Remache D, Semaan M, Rossi JM, Pithioux M, Milan J. Application of the Johnson-Cook plasticity model in the finite element simulations of the nanoindentation of the cortical bone. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. January 2020;101:103426.
2020	Jin Y, Zhang T, Lui YF, Sze KY, Lu WW. The measured mechanical properties of osteoporotic trabecular bone decline with the increment of deformation volume during micro-indentation. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. March 2020;103:103546.
2021	Ma Z, Qiang Z, Zeng K, Xiao J, Zhou L, Zu L, Zhao H, Ren L. Prediction of cross section fracture path of cortical bone through nanoindentation array. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. April 2021;116:104303.
2021	Ramírez A CE, Hurtado-Macías A, Talamantes R, Flores E, Ladrón de Guevara HP, Delgado JI, Estrella RA, Riestra JM, Montes JM, Esmonde-White K, Vardaki M, González-Hernández J, Viveros JM. Assessing mechanical behavior of ostrich and equine trabecular and cortical bone based on depth sensing indentation measurements. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. May 2021;117:104404.
2015	Chittenden M, Najafi AR, Li J, Jasiuk I. Nanoindentation and ash content study of age dependent changes in porcine cortical bone. J Mech Med Biol. October 2015;15(5):1550074.
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2000	Guo XE, Goldstein SA. Vertebral trabecular bone microscopic tissue elastic modulus and hardness do not change in ovariectomized rats. J Orthop Res. March 2000;18(2):333-336.
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2002	Fan Z, Swadener JG, Rho JY, Roy ME, Pharr GM. Anisotropic properties of human tibial cortical bone as measured by nanoindentation. J Orthop Res. July 2002;20(4):806-810.
2005	Gupta HS, Schratter S, Tesch W, Roschger P, Berzlanovich A, Schoeberl T, Klaushofer K, Fratzl P. Two different correlations between nanoindentation modulus and mineral content in the bone–cartilage interface. J Struct Biol. February 2005;149(2):138-148.
2006	Bouzakis K-D, Michailidis N. An accurate and fast approach for determining materials stress–strain curves by nanoindentation and its FEM-based simulation. Mater Charact. March 2006;56(2):147-157.
2020	Cvrček L, Denk F, Čejka Z. Comparison of 3D printed trabecular structure with porous plasma spray: a method based on mapping the local modulus of elasticity. Mater Res Express. July 2020;7(7):075403.
2004	Li X, Chang W-C, Chao YJ, Wang R, Chang M. Nanoscale structural and mechanical characterization of a natural nanocomposite material: the shell of red abalone. Nano Lett. 2004;4(4):613-617.
2006	Tai K, Ulm F-J, Ortiz C. Nanogranular origins of the strength of bone. Nano Lett. November 8, 2006;6(11):2520-2525.
2007	Tai K, Dao M, Suresh S, Palazoglu A, Ortiz C. Nanoscale heterogeneity promotes energy dissipation in bone. Nat Mater. June 2007;6(6):454-462.
2014	Schwiedrzik J, Raghavan R, Bürki A, LeNader V, Wolfram U, Michler J, Zysset P. In situ micropillar compression reveals superior strength and ductility but an absence of damage in lamellar bone. Nat Med. July 2014;13(7):740-747.
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2007	Clark EM. An Investigation Into the Role of Bone Mass and Other Factors in Determining Fracture Risk in Children [PhD thesis]. Bristol, UK: University of Bristol; 2007.
2011	Leong PL. Spatial Localization of Mechanical Stimuli and Cellular Responses During Bone Healing in Vivo [PhD thesis]. Boston University; 2011.
2012	Hayward LNM. Investigations Into the Quantitative Relationship Between the Mechanical Environment and Skeletal Healing [PhD thesis]. Boston University; 2012.
2013	Miller GJ. Mechanoregulation and Mechanotransduction in Skeletal Tissue Differentiation [Master's thesis]. Boston University; 2013.
2012	Strange DGT. Mechanics of Biomimetic Materials for Tissue Engineering of the Intervertebral Disc [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, UK: University of Cambridge; December 2012.
2015	Nguyen JK. Investigation of Material and Therapeutic Strategies to Reduce the Inflammatory Response to Intracortical Implants [PhD thesis]. Cleveland, OH: Case Western Reserve University; August 2015.
2010	Campbell SE. Nanoindentation of Bio- and Geo-Mineralized Composites: Contribution of Microstructure and Composition [PhD thesis]. University of Colorado; 2010.
2010	Curtis TW. Nanomechanical and Chemical Characterization of Degradation and Cross-Linking in UV Exposed Polystyrene [Master's thesis]. University of Colorado; 2010.
2013	Paietta RC. Microscale Material Properties of Bone and the Mineralized Tissues of the Intervertebral Disc-Vertebral Body Interface [PhD thesis]. Boulder, CO: University of Colorado; 2013.
2017	Wahlquist JA. Zonal Articular Cartilage Possesses Complex Mechanical Behavior Spanning Multiple Length Scales: Dependence on Chemical Heterogeneity, Anisotropy, and Microstructure [PhD thesis]. Boulder, CO: University of Colorado; 2017.
2017	Yu Y. Contributions of Anisotropic and Heterogeneous Tissue Modulus to Apparent Trabecular Bone Mechanical Properties [PhD thesis]. New York, NY: Columbia University; 2017.
2021	Hu YJ. Microstructure and Biomechanics of the Subchondral Bone in the Development of Knee Osteoarthritis [PhD thesis]. Columbia University; 2021.
2009	Cree D. Production and Characterization of Three-Dimensional, Cellular, Metal-Filled Ceramics [PhD thesis]. Concordia University; September 2009.
2013	Burket JC. Alterations in Tissue Composition and Nanomechanical Properties With Ageing, Osteoporosis, and Treatment [PhD thesis]. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University; January 2013.
2013	Kim G. The Effects of Mineralization and Crystallinity on the Mechanical Behavior of Bone [PhD thesis]. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University; May 2013.
2018	Guss JD. The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Bone and Joint [PhD thesis]. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University; December 2018.
2018	Hunt HB. Characterization of Material Properties, Microarchitecture, and Mechanics of Bone from Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [PhD thesis]. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University; December 2018.
2019	Arora D. Characterization of Bone Structural, Geomteric, and Material Properties in the TallyHO Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [Master's thesis]. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University; December 2019.
2020	Lekkala S. Characterization of Material and Compositional Properties of Iliac Bone from Postmenopausal Women With Worsening Glycemic Control [Master's thesis]. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University; August 2020.
2021	Sacher S. Characterization of Trabecular Morphology, Microdamage Accumulation, and Collagen Crosslinking in Bone Tissue from Individuals With Type II Diabetes Mellitus [Master's thesis]. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University; May 2021.
2005	Ho EY. Engineering Bioactive Polymers for the Next Generation of Bone Repair [PhD thesis]. Drexel University; April 2005.
2017	Doyran Sitik B. Nanoscale Structure-Mechanics Principles of Murine Joint Tissues [PhD thesis]. Drexel University; April 2017.
2020	Han B. Decorin Regulates the Structure and Biomechanical Functions of Articular Cartilage Extracellular Matrix in Health and Disease [PhD thesis]. Drexel University; October 2020.
2002	Hengsberger S. Mechanical Characterization of Bone from the Tissue Down to the Lamellar Level by Means of Nanoindentation [PhD thesis]. Lausanne, Switzerland: École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; 2002.
2006	Garcia D. Elastic Plastic Damage Laws for Cortical Bone [PhD thesis]. Lausanne, Switzerland: École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; 2006.
2008	Nazarian A. Relative Interaction of Material and Structure in Normal and Pathologic Bone [PhD thesis]. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich; 2008.
2022	Peruzzi CRP. Nanoscale Deformation Mechanisms and Yield Prediction of Lamellar Bone [PhD thesis]. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich; 2022.
2019	Groetsch A. Micro- and Nanomechanics of Mineralised Collagen Fibre Elasto-Plasticity [PhD thesis]. Ebinburgh, Scotland: Heriot-Watt University; November 2019.
2010	Feng L. Multi-Scale Characterization of Swine Femoral Cortical Bone and Long Bone Defect Repair by Regeneration [PhD thesis]. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; 2010.
2014	Kingstedt OT. Effects of Micro- and Nano-Structure on the Deformation Response of a Ag₆₀Cu₄₀ Lamellar and Rod-in-Matrix Eutectic Alloy [PhD thesis]. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; 2014.
2015	Rodriguez-Florez N. Mechanics of Cortical Bone: Exploring the Micro- and Nano-Scale [PhD thesis]. Imperial College London; January 2015.
2011	Abdel-Wahab AA-GM. Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Deformation and Fracture of Cortical Bone Tissue [PhD thesis]. Loughborough University; August 2011.
2019	Du J. Mechanical Adaptation of Human Trabecular Bone: Experimental and Computational Study [PhD thesis]. Loughborough University; 2019.
2014	Holub O. Biomechanics of Spinal Metastases [PhD thesis]. University of Leeds; April 2014.
2007	Akhtar R. Micromechanical Behaviour of Bone [PhD thesis]. University of Manchester; 2007.
2014	Jameson JR. Characterization of Bone Material Properties and Microstructure in Osteogenesis Imperfecta/brittle Bone Disease [PhD thesis]. Marquette University; December 2014.
2018	Alidokht SA. Cold Spray Deposition of Ni-Wc Composite Coatings and Their Sliding and Erosive Wear Behaviour [PhD thesis]. McGill University; 2018.
2007	Balakrishnan A. Development of Novel Dynamic Indentation Techniques for Soft Tissue Applications [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; September 2007.
2007	Han L. Nanomechanics of Cartilage Extracellular Matrix Macromolecules [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; September 2007.
2007	Tai K. Nanomechanics and Ultrastructural Studies of Cortical Bone: Fundamental Insights Regarding Structure-Function, Mineral-Organic Force Mechanics Interactions, and Heterogeneity [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; June 2007.
2010	Ortega JA. Microporomechanical Modeling of Shale [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; February 2010.
2013	Nia HT. Nanomechanics of Cartilage At the Matrix and Molecular Levels [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; June 2013.
2019	Hanne NJ. Characterizing Osteovascular Structure and Function With High Fat Diet-Induced Obesity and Stroke [PhD thesis]. North Carolina State University; 2019.
2019	Nobakhti S. Multiscale Characteristics of Bone Toughness [PhD thesis]. Northeastern University; July 2019.
2007	Shepherd TN. Comparison of the Macroscopic Viscoelastic Properties of Cortical Bone to Its Nano-Indentation Response [Master's thesis]. University of Notre Dame; April 2007.
2007	Zhang J. Mechanical Property Determination of Bone Through Nano- and Microindentation Testing and Finite Element Simulation [PhD thesis]. University of Notre Dame; July 2007.
2011	Wu Z. Measures of Bone Quality and Their Relationship to Bone Mechanical Properties [PhD thesis]. University of Notre Dame; December 2011.
2012	Blum MM. Development, Characterization and Simulation of Boundary Lubricant Functionalized Hydrogels for Use as a Low-Friction Cartilage Substitute [PhD thesis]. University of Notre Dame; April 2012.
2012	Zhao Y. Bone Indentation Modeling Via Analytical and Finite Element Methods [PhD thesis]. University of Notre Dame; March 2012.
2013	McGann ME. Wear Characteristics and Crosslinked Properties of Articular Cartilage [PhD thesis]. University of Notre Dame; April 2013.
2020	O’Sullivan LM. Time-Sequence of Biomechanical Adaption in Trabecular Tissue During Estrogen Deficiency [PhD thesis]. National University of Ireland Galway; March 2020.
1999	Kim BR. Modeling of Particle Interaction With Polymer Multilayered Structures [PhD thesis]. State College, PA: Pennsylvania State University; August 1999.
2001	Wang J. Material Property Identification of Polymer Thin Films Under the Indentation Test [PhD thesis]. State College, PA: Pennsylvania State University; December 2001.
2016	Hammond MA. The Influence of Collagen Crosslinking and Treadmill Exercise on the Mechanics, Composition, and Morphology of Bone At Multiple Length Scales [PhD thesis]. Purdue University; May 2016.
2013	Toal VR. The Mechanics of Microdamage and Microfracture in Trabecular Bone [PhD thesis]. Brisbane, Australia: Queensland University of Technology; September 2013.
2006	Diab T. The Role of Damage Morphology in Age-Related Increase in Bone Fragility [PhD thesis]. Troy, NY: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; 2006.
2004	Mittra ES. Assessment of Trabecular Bone Quality Using Microstructure, Micro-Mechanics and Micro-Finite Element Modeling [PhD thesis]. Stony Brook, NY: Stony Brook University; May 2004.
2009	Ferreri SL. Anti-Catabolic Role of Ultrasonic Mechanical Perturbation in Prevention of Bone Loss and Turnover in OVX Rat Model: A Combined Empirical, Nanomechanical and Micro-Numerical Simulation Approach [PhD thesis]. Stony Brook, NY: Stony Brook University; August 2009.
2012	Acerbo AS. Local Chemical and Nanostructural Properties of Rat Cortical Bone Are Altered by Osteoporosis and Pharmaceutical Treatments [PhD thesis]. Stony Brook, NY: Stony Brook University; August 2012.
2011	Reisinger AG. Modeling and Validation of Multiscale Lamellar Bone Elasticity [PhD thesis]. Vienna University of Technology; November 2011.
2011	Spiesz EM. Experimental and Computational Micromechanics of Mineralized Tendon and Bone [PhD thesis]. Vienna University of Technology; October 2011.
2014	Gross T. Development and Application of 3d CT Image-Based Micro and Macro Finite Element Models for Human Bones and Orthopedic Implant Systems [PhD thesis]. Vienna University of Technology; 2014.
2021	Estermann S-J. Replicating Liver Tissue in Terms of Mechanical Properties for Anatomical Models [PhD thesis]. Vienna University of Technology; 2021.
2021	Frank M. Mechanical Characterization of Individual Trabeculae [PhD thesis]. Vienna University of Technology; February 2021.
2008	Tang A. Nanoindentation of Peri-Implant Bone and Dentin [Master's thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; March 2008.
2004	Kazakia GJ. Development, Analysis, and Imaging of a Tissue Engineered Trabecular Bone Substitute [PhD thesis]. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley, University of California; 2004.
2012	Tjhia CKH. Bone Quality of Patients With Atypical Fractures and Severely Suppressed Bone Turnover [PhD thesis]. Davis, University of California; 2012.
2018	Patel RR. Does Patient-Specific Implant Design Reduce Subsidence Risk in Lumbar Interbody Fusion? A Bottom Up Analysis of Methods to Reduce Vertebral Endplate Stress [PhD thesis]. University of Colorado Denver; 2018.
2019	Jung J-Y. Learning from Nature: An Investigation of an Impact-Resistant System on the Woodpecker Head as a Non-Traumatic Brain Injury Animal Model [PhD thesis]. San Siego, CA: University of California San Diego; 2019.
2011	Chen CG. TGF-Β/Smad3 Regulation of Bone, Cartilage, and Tendon Matrix Composition and Material Properties [PhD thesis]. San Francisco, University of California; 2011.
2019	Mazur C. Osteocyte Regulation of Bone Quality in Homeostasis and in Skeletal Disease [PhD thesis]. San Francisco, University of California; 2019.
2016	Jones DA. Reference Point Indentation of Human Trabecular Bone Treated With Bisphosphonates for Varying Durations [Master's thesis]. University of Kentucky; 2016.
2021	Muraro P. Biomechanical Characterization of Fibrolamellar Bone Using Nano-Scale Modulus Mapping [Master's thesis]. Liège, Belgique: Université de Liège; 2021.
2023	Tits A. Attaching Soft to Hard: A Multimodal Correlative Investigation of the Tendon-Bone Interface [PhD thesis]. Liège, Belgique: Université de Liège; 2023.
2010	Smith JD. The Variation of Stiffness Along a Cross-Section of Porcine Aorta as Measured by Atomic Force Microscopy [Master's thesis]. Baltimore County, University of Maryland; 2010.
2016	Zhang Z. On the Fatigue Crack Growth Resistance of Resin-Dentin Bonded Interfaces: Aging, Microstructure and Durability [PhD thesis]. Baltimore County, University of Maryland; 2016.
2009	Sahar ND. Investigating the Effects of Age and Exercise on Bone Composition and the Impact of Composition on Mechanical Integrity. [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 2009.
2014	Sinder BP. Sclerostin Antibody as a Treatment for Osteogenesis Imperfecta [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 2014.
2021	Romanowicz GE. The Role of Collagen Cross-Linking in Craniofacial and Long Bone Mineralization and Healing [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 2021.
2005	Oyen ML. Ultrastructural Characterization of Time-Dependent, Inhomogeneous Materials and Tissues [PhD thesis]. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota; June 2005.
2006	Seong W-J. Relationships Between the Physical Properties of Human Jawbone and the Initial Stability of Dental Implant, and Their Dependency on Anatomical Regions of Jawbone [PhD thesis]. University of Minnesota; April 2006.
2020	Sullivan LK. Assessing Structural and Material Properties of Bone Following Radiation Therapy and Hemarthrosis [PhD thesis]. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; 2020.
2014	Schwiedrzik JJ. Experimental, Theoretical and Numerical Investigation of the Nonlinear Micromechanical Properties of Bone [PhD thesis]. Universität Bern; 2014.
2011	Wolfram U. Mechanical Multiscale Characterisation of Vertebral Trabecular Bone for the Prediction of Vertebral Fracture Risk [PhD thesis]. University of Ulm; 2011.
2017	de Bakker CMJ. Structural Adaptations of the Maternal Skeleton in Response to Reproduction and Lactation [PhD thesis]. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania; 2017.
2021	Tseng W-J. Structural and Mechanical Responses to Intermittent Parathyroid Hormone Treatment, Discontinuation and Cyclic Administration Regimens [PhD thesis]. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania; 2021.
2022	Blázquez Carmona P. Mechanobiology of Bone Regeneration: Distraction Osteogenesis and Tissue Engineering [PhD thesis]. Universidad de Sevilla; 2022.
2020	Singleton RC. A Study of Aging in Male Cortical Bone Using Nanoindentation [PhD thesis]. Knoxville, University of Tennessee; August 2020.
2009	Potter RS. Age Effects on the Material and Mechanical Properties of Bone At the Osteocyte Lacuna [Master's thesis]. San Antionio, TX: University of Texas at San Antonio; December 2009.
2017	Ahsan AS. Effect of Intrafibrillar Mineralization on the Mechanical Properties of Osteogenesis Imperfecta Bone Using a Cohesive Finite Element Approach [Master's thesis]. San Antionio, TX: University of Texas at San Antonio; May 2017.
2009	Tripathy S. An Indentation Study of Costal Cartilage Using Atomic Force Microscopy [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; May 2009.
2006	Lau AG. Development of a Microstructural Homogenization Model for Calcifying Cartilage Using the Generalized Method of Cells [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; January 2006.
2014	Makowski AJ. Evaluation of Raman Spectroscopy for Fracture Resistance Assessment [PhD thesis]. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University; December 2014.
2013	Faingold A. Bone Elementary Units: Mechanical Properties and Structure [PhD thesis]. Weizmann Institute of Science; February 2013.
2011	Evans DW. A Nanoindentation Device and the Scale-Dependent Mechanical Properties of Native and Decellularized Liver Tissue [Master's thesis]. Winston-Salem, NC: Wake Forest University; December 2011.
2011	Aiyangar AK. Physical and Computational Modeling of Subsidence of Anterior Interbody Fusion Devices [PhD thesis]. University of Wisconsin – Madison; 2011.
2011	Vivanco Morales JF. Investigation of Fabrication and Environmental Effects on Bioceramic Bone Scaffolds [PhD thesis]. University of Wisconsin – Madison; 2011.
2022	Soukup JW. Structure-Function Relationships and Quantitative Morphology of the Canine Tooth in Domesticated Dogs [PhD thesis]. University of Wisconsin – Madison; 2022.